Name Index
A
Aberdeen, George Hamilton, Earl o/(l784-1860)—British statesman, Tory, from 1850 leader of the Peelites, Foreign Secretary (1828-30, 1841-46) and Prime Minister of the coalition cabinet (1852-55).—471-75, 478, 501, 503-04, 510, 512, 516, 538
Abraham a Sancta Clara (real name
Ulrich Megerle) (1644-1709)—Austrian Catholic preacher and popular humorous writer.—317, 319-20
Acquaviva, Claudio (1543-1615)— General of the Society of Jesus (1581-1615).—521
Aesop (6th cent. B.C.)—semi-legendary Greek author of fables.—107
Agesilaus (c. 442-c. 360 B.C.)—King of Sparta (c. 398-c. 360 B.C.), brother of Agis IL—163
Agis II— King of Sparta (c. 427-c. 400 B.C.), elder brother of Agesilaus.— 163
Agostini, Cesare (1803-1855) — Italian revolutionary, follower of Mazzini; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; refugee in England; subsequently departed from Mazzini.— 515
Ailly, Pierre <f(1350-1420) — French cardinal, played an important role at the Council of Constance.—194
Alexander of Macedon (Alexander the Great) (362-323 B.C.)—military leader and statesman; King of Macedon (336-323 B.C.).—151
Alexander, John—Irish politician, M.P. (1853).—486
Allais, Louis Pierre Constant (born c. 1821)—French police agent.—150, 154
Amelot de la Houssaye, Abraham Nicolas (1634-1706)—French writer, author of Histoire du gouvernement de Venise.— 503
Anglas—see Boissy d'Anglas
Angoulême, Marie Thérèse Charlotte, duchesse d'(1778-1851)—daughter of
Louis XVI.—596
Anneke, Friedrich (1818-1872)—Prussian artillery officer, discharged from the army for his political views; member of the Communist League; one of the founders of the Cologne Workers' Association in 1848; editor of the Neue Kölnische Zeitung; member of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats.—252
Antoine, Gustav—French émigré in London in the early 1850s; son-in-law of Auguste Blanqui.—296 Antonelli, Giacomo (1806-1876)—Italian cardinal, adviser to Pius IX; virtually governed the Papal states in 1850-70.—609 Arconati Visconti, Constanza, Marquise (1797-1870)—member of the Italian national liberation movement.-—356
Ariosto, Lodovico (1474-1533)—Italian poet of the Renaissance, author of L'Orlando furioso.—275, 280, 302, 303, 315, 323
Arnaud St.—see Saint-Arnaud, Armand Jacques Leroy de
Arnim, Bettina (Elisabeth) von (1785-1859)—German writer of the Romantic school; also known as Bettina Brentano.—241
Arsenius, Saint (c. 354-c. 450)—Roman aristocrat, retired into hermitage in the Egyptian deserts; Christian saint. — 182 Ashley (Cooper, Anthony Ashley, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury) (1801-1885)—English politician, Tory philanthropist.—525
Atholl, George Augustus Frederic John Mur-ray, Duke 0/(1814-1864)—big Scottish landowner.—494
Attila id. 453)—King of the Huns (433-453).—601
Auerswald, Hans Adolf Erdmann von (1792-1848)—Prussian general, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right wing); killed during an uprising in Frankfurt in September 1848.—435
Auerswald, Rudolf von (1795-1866) — Prussian statesman, liberal aristocrat; Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (June-September 1848), Oberpräsident of Western Prussia (from September 1848 to 1850).— 66
Augustenburgs—dynasty of Schleswig-Holstein dukes (1627-1852).—289
Augustus (Gaius Julius Caesar Oc-tavianus) (63 B.C.-A.D. 14)—Roman Emperor (27 B.C.-A.D. 14).—503
B Baer, Johann—German refugee in London in the early 1850s; member of
the Communist League; associate of Marx and Engels.—622, 624 Bailly, Jean Sylvain (1736-1793)—French astronomer; prominent in the French Revolution; advocate of constitutional monarchy.—105
Bakunin, Mikhail (1814-1876)—Russian democrat, journalist, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; an ideologist of Narodism and anarchism in later years; opposed Marxism in the First International.— 90
Balzac, Honoré de (1799-1850)—French realist writer.—196
Bandiera brothers, Attilio (1810-1844) and Emilio (1819-1844)—participants in the Italian national liberation movement; officers of the Austrian navy; members of the Young Italy group; executed in 1844 for an attempt to organise an uprising in Calabria. —288
Baraguay d'Hilliers, Achille, comte (1795-1878)—French general; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; in 1851 commanded the Paris garrison; Bonapartist.—158-59, 169 Barbarossa—see Frederick I
Barbes, Armand (1809-1870)—French revolutionary, a leader of secret societies during the July monarchy; prominent figure in the 1848 revolution; deputy to the Constituent Assembly; sentenced to life imprisonment for participation in the insurrection of May 15, 1848; pardoned in 1854.—295. 608
Barbour, James (1831-1853)—criminal, executed for murder in Sheffield.— 495
Baring, Sir Francis Thornhill (1796-1866)—British statesman, Whig, M.P., Chancellor of the Exchequer (1839-41), First Lord of the Admiralty (1848-52).—501
Baroche, Pierre Jules (1802-1870)— French lawyer and politician; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; representative of the Party of Order; procurator-general of the Court of Appeal; Bonapartist; member of several cabinets prior to and after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—144, 154, 156, 159, 163
Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe Odilon (1791-1873)—French lawyer and politician, leader of the liberal dynastic opposition until February 1848; from December 1848 to October 1849 headed the Ministry, which relied on a monarchist coalition.—121-23, 125, 138-40, 147, 160, 162, 168, 176, 600
Barthélémy, Emmanuel (c. 1820-1855)— French worker, follower of Blanqui, member of secret revolutionary societies during the July monarchy and participant in the June 1848 uprising in Paris; a leader of the French society of Blanquist emigrants in London; charged with criminal offences and executed in 1855.—295, 296
Bassermann, Friedrich Daniel (1811-1855)—German politician; represented the Baden Government in the Federal Diet during the 1848-49 revolution; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre).— 69
Batthyâny, Laps, Count von (1806-1849)—Hungarian statesman, Prime Minister (March-September 1848); liberal aristocrat, pursued a policy of compromise with the Austrian monarchy; shot after the suppression of the revolution.—532
Baudin, Charles (1784-1854)—French admiral.—598 Bauer, Bruno (1809-1882)—German philosopher, Young Hegelian.— 242, 265, 267, 273, 283
Baze, Jean Didier (1800-1881)—French lawyer and politician, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; Orleanist.—167, 180
Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de
(1732-1799)—French dramatist.— 414, 432, 452
Beck, Wilhelmina (d. 1851)—Austrian adventuress who passed herself for a baroness and Kossuth's political informer, agent of the Austrian and English police.—97-98
Becker, B.—German refugee in the USA, member of the Socialist Gymnastic Association in the early 1850s.—625 Becker, Hermann Heinrich (1820-1885)— German lawyer and journalist, member of the Communist League from 1850; defendant in the Cologne Communist trial (1852), sentenced to five-year imprisonment; in later years a national-liberal.—210, 211, 399, 402, 424, 450, 452, 590
Beckerath, Hermann von (1801-1870)— German banker; moderate liberal, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre); Finance Minister in the Imperial Government (August-September 1848).—302
Beckmann—Prussian police spy in Paris in the early 1850s, Paris correspondent of the Kölnische Zeitung.—415
Bedeau, Marie Alphonse (1804-1863) — French general and politician, moderate republican; Vice-President of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic.— 126, 159
Bellew, Richard Montesquieu—English politician, Whig, M.P. (1846-52).—350
Bellini, Vincenzo (1801-1835)—Italian composer.—235
Bern, Jôzef (1795-1850)—Polish general, prominent in the national liberation movement, took part in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31 and the revolutionary struggle in Vienna in 1848; a leader of the Hungarian revolutionary army (1848-49); after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to Turkey.—60, 300
Benoist (Benoît) d'Azy, Denis, comte (1796-1880) — French politician, financier and industrialist; Vice-President of the Legislative Assembly (1849-51); Legitimist.—162, 166
Béranger, Pierre Jean de (1780-1857)— French poet, wrote many satirical songs on political subjects; democrat.—200, 609
Beresford, William (b. 1798)—English politician, Tory, M.P., Secretary of War (March-December 1852).—337, 343, 466
Berkeley, Francis Henry Fitzhardinge (1794-1870)—English liberal politician, M.P. (1837).—340 Bermbach, Adolph (1821-1875) — Cologne lawyer, democrat, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly; witness for the defence in the Cologne Communist trial (1852); corresponded with Marx.—422, 424, 425, 426, 428, 590
Bernai Osborne, Ralph (1808-1882)— British liberal politician, M.P., Secretary of the Admiralty (1852-58).— 473, 475, 600 Bernai, Ralph (d. 1854) — British politician, Whig, M.P., Chairman of Committees of the House of Commons (1830s-1850s).—350
Bernard—French colonel, headed military commissions meting out reprisals against the participants in the June 1848 uprising in Paris; after the coup d'état on December 2, 1851 took part in organising trials of republicans.— 118-19 Berryer, Pierre Antoine (1790-1868)— French lawyer and politician, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, Legitimist.—129, 144, 160, 166, 168, 170, 173, 594
Bettina—see Arnim, Bettina (Elisabeth) von
Bianca, von—Cologne patrician; juryman in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—400
Billault, Augustin Adolphe Marie (1805-1863)—French politician, moderate monarchist, in later years a Bonapartist.—162
Birnbaum, Wilhelm—secretary of the organisation for the relief of the poor in Cologne, witness for the defence in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).— 427^429
Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis (1811-1882) — French socialist, historian; member of the Provisional Government and President of the Luxembourg Commission in 1848; pursued a policy of conciliation with the bourgeoisie; emigrated to England in August 1848 and became one of the leaders of the petty-bourgeois emigration in London.— 6, 103, 295-97, 552, 555-58
Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805-1881)— French revolutionary, Utopian Communist; organised a number of secret societies and plots; adhered to the extreme Left of the democratic and proletarian movement during the 1848 revolution.—110, 183, 295, 296, 545, 593, 606, 607 Bleek, Friedrich (1793-1859)—German Protestant theologian, professor of Bonn University.— 229 Blind, Karl (1826-1907) —German democratic journalist, active in the • revolutionary movement in Baden in 1848-49; one of the leaders of the German petty-bourgeois emigration in London in the 1850s; became a national-liberal in the 1860s.—272
Blondel de Néelle—French troubadour at the end of the twelfth and the beginning of the thirteenth century; according to tradition, Richard the Lionheart's court poet, who freed the King from Austrian captivity.— 257
Blum, Robert (1807-1848)—German democrat, journalist, leader of the Left in the Frankfurt National Assembly; took part in the defence of Vienna in October 1848, court-martialled and executed after the fall of the city.—65, 73, 295 Bobzin, Friedrich Heinrich Karl (b. 1826)—German artisan, member of the German Workers' Society in Brussels in 1847; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; together with Gustav Struve headed the democratic Association of German Emigrants in London.—280
Bögehold, Sophie—girl friend of Gottfried Kinkel.—240, 241, 245
Boiardo (Bojardo), Matteo Maria (c. 1441-1494)—Italian poet of the Renais-sance, author of L'Orlando innamorato.—274, 310, 315, 326
Boichot, Jean Baptiste (1820-1889)— French republican, deputy to the Legislative Assembly in 1849; took part in the demonstration on June 13, 1849; later an émigré.—126
Boissy d'Anglas, fean Gabriel, comte de
(1782-1864)—deputy to the Legislative Assembly, Orleanist.—171
Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, vicomte de (1754-1840) —French politician and writer, one of the ideologists of the aristocratic and monarchist reaction in the Restoration period.—16
Bonaparte—dynasty of French emperors (1804-14, 1815 and 1852-70).—186-89, 506, 517
Bonaparte, Jerome (1784-1860)— younger brother of Napoleon I, King of Westphalia (1807-13), from 1850 marshal of France.— 355
Bonaparte, Louis—see Napoleon HI
Bonaparte, Pierre Napoleon (1815-1881)—cousin of Napoleon III; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic—355
Börne, Ludwig (1786-1837)—German critic and writer.— 277
Bourbons—royal dynasty in France
(1589-1792, 1814-15 and 1815-30).— 120, 127, 164, 165, 167, 170, 187
Brammell—English clergyman.—525
Brentano, Clemens (1778-1842)— German poet of the Romantic school.—243
Brentano, Lorenz Peter (1813-1891)— Baden democrat, lawyer; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; headed the Baden Provisional Government in 1849; after the defeat of the Baden-Palatinate uprising emigrated to Switzerland and then to the USA.—91, 103, 261, 263,'272, 275, 307, 309, 324
Bright, John (1811-1889)—English manufacturer, a leader of the Free Traders and one of the founders of the Anti-Corn Law League.— 205, 350, 372, 458, 474, 478, 505-07, 526
Broglie, Achille Charles Léonce Victor, due
de (1785-1870)—French statesman, Prime Minister (1835-36), deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51); Orleanist.—144, 168
Brotherton, Joseph (1783-1857)—English politician, Free Trader, advocate of electoral reform, M.P.— 505
Brüggemann, Karl Heinrich (1810-1887)—German journalist, moderate liberal; editor-in-chief of the Kölnische Zeitung (1845-55).—273
Brunswick, Duke of—see Karl Friedrich
August Wilhelm
Brutus, Marcus Junius (c. 85-42 B.C.)— Roman politician, republican; an initiator of the conspiracy against Julius Caesar.—104, 440
Bucher, Lothar (1817-1892)—Prussian official, journalist; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly in 1848 (Left Centre); emigrated to London; in later years a national-liberal, adher-ent of Bismarck.—294, 297, 318
Bückler, Johann (c. 1780-1803) —German robber nicknamed Schinderhannes (Hans the Flayer).— 419
Buhl, Ludwig Heinrich Franz (1814-c. 1882) — German writer, Young Hegelian, author of pamphlets in the Patriot series.—306
Bulwer—see Lytton, Edward George
Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias, Baron von (1791-1860Ï —Prussian diplomat, writer and theologian; Ambassador to London (1842-54).—540 Bürgers, Heinrich (1820-1878) — German journalist, contributor to the Rheinische Zeitung (1842-43), member of the Cologne community of the Communist League (1848), one of the editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung.— 210, 211, 399, 400, 402, 449, 457
Buridan, Jean (1300-1358) —French philosopher.—178, 245
Burritt, Elihu (1810-1879) —American linguist, philanthropist and pacifist, organiser of several international pacifist congresses.—283
Butler, Samuel (1612-1680) —English satirical poet, author of the poem Hudibras.— 486
Byron, George Gordon Noel, Lord (1788-1824) — English romantic poet.—600
C
Cabet, Etienne (1788-1856) —French writer, Utopian Communist, author of Voyage en Icarie.— 295, 552
Caesar, Gains Julius (c. 100-44 B.C.) — Roman general and statesman.— 104, 262, 284, 321, 412, 503
Caligula, Gaius Caesar (A.D. 12-41) — Roman Emperor (37-41); was en-throned by the praetorian guard.— 122 Cambridge, George William Frederick Charles. Duke of (1819-1904) — British general, commander-in-chief of the British army (1856-95).—340
Camphausen, Ludolf (1803-1890)— German banker, a leader of the Rhenish liberal bourgeoisie, Prime Minister of Prussia from March to June 1848.—36, 39, 45-46, 66, 260
Canning, George (1770-1827)—British statesman, Tory, Foreign Secretary (1807-09, 1822-27), Prime Minister (1827).—200, 500
Caperon, Paulin—French émigré, member of the Committee of the French society of Blanquist emigrants in London in the early 1850s.— 294 Cardwell, Edward Cardwell, Viscount (1813-1886)—British statesman; a Peelite leader, later a Liberal; President of the Board of Trade (1852-55), Chief Secretary for Ireland (1859-61), Secretary for the Colonies (1864-66) and Secretary for War (1868-74).—332, 350, 510
Carlier, Pierre Charles Joseph (1799-1858)—Prefect of the Paris police (1849-51), Bonapartist.—140, 150, 156, 177, 407-09, 412, 549 Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte (1801-1888) — French writer and politician.—144 Cassius, Gaius (d. 42 B.C.) —Roman politician, people's tribune.— 503
Catherine II (1729-1796) —Russian Em-press (1762-96).—533
Catiline, (Lucius Sergius Catilind) (c. 108 -62 B.C.) — Roman politician, organiser of a conspiracy against the aristocratic republic.— 375, 445
Cato, Marcus Porcius (Cato the Elder) (234-149 B.C.) — Roman statesman and writer, upheld aristocratic privileges; in 184 B.C. was elected censor, the strictness of his censorship became proverbial.—197, 318
Caussidière, Marc (1808-1861) — French democrat, took part in the Lyons uprising of 1834; Prefect of the Paris police after the February revolution of 1848; deputy to the Constituent Assembly; emigrated to England in June 1848.—103 Cavaignac, Louis Eugène (1802-1857) — French general and politician, moderate republican; took part in the conquest of Algeria; Governor of Algeria after the February 1848 revolution; War Minister of France from May 1848, directed the suppression of the June uprising; head of the executive (June-December 1848).—51, 113, 118-20, 126, 161, 172, 180, 216, 570, 605
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547-1616)—Spanish writer.—17, 64, 287, 290, 315
Chambord, Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, duc de Bor-deaux, comte de (1820-1883)—last representative of the elder line of the Bourbons, grandson of Charles X, pretender to the French throne under the name of Henry V.—129, 148, 166, 170
Chamisso, Adelbert von (1781-1838)— German romantic poet.—125, 235, 252
Changarnier, Nicolas Anne Théodule (1793-1877)—French general and politician, monarchist; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies; after June 1848 commanded the Paris garrison and national guard; took part in dispersing the demonstration of June 13, 1849 in Paris, banished from France after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—46, 122, 123, 125, 131, 136, 150-52, 154, 157-61, 163, 168, 171, 176, 178, 180
Charlemagne (Charles the Great) (c. 742-814) —King of the Franks (768-800) and Roman Emperor (800-14).—43, 608
Charles I (1600-1649)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1625-49), be-headed during the revolution.— 508
Charras, Jean Baptiste Adolphe (1810-1865)—French military and political figure, moderate republican; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; took part in suppressing the June 1848 uprising of the Paris workers; opposed Louis Bonaparte; banished from France after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—180
Cherval, Julien (real name Joseph Cramer)—Prussian police spy who had gained entry into the Communist League and led one of the Paris communities belonging to the separatist Willich-Schapper group; accused of complicity in the so-called Franco-German plot in Paris in February 1852; escaped from prison with the connivance of the police.— 385, 390, 407, 409-20, 436, 438, 449, 454, 455, 457, 590
Cherval—wife of Julien Cherval.—412, 414
Chianella—waiter from Crefeld; an informer, witness for the prosecution in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—444, 445
Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (106-43 B.C.) — Roman orator and statesman, philosopher.— 317, 445
Clarendon, George William Frederick, 4th Earl of, 4th Baron Hyde (1800-1870)—British statesman, Whig, Viceroy of Ireland (May 1847-early 1852), Foreign Secretary (1853-58, 1865-66, 1868-70).—477, 523
Claudius (10 B. C.-54 A.D.)—Roman Emperor (41-54).—503
Clauren, Heinrich (real name Heun, Carl) (1771-1854)—German novelist and official.—237, 243
Clausewitz, Karl von (1780-1831)— Prussian general and military theoretician.— 279
Clement, Knut Jungbohn (1810-1873)— German historian and linguist, pro-. fessor of Kiel University.—285
Clovis I (c. 466-511)—Frankish king of the Merovingian dynasty (481-511).— 545 Cluss, Adolf (1825-1905)—German engineer, member of the Communist League; secretary of the Workers' Educational Society in Mainz (1848); in 1848 emigrated to the United States where, in the 1850s, he was active in the German-American workers' organisations; one of the first propagators of scientific communism in America.—621
Cobbett, William (c. 1762-1835)— English politician and radical writer.—498
Cobden, Richard (1804-1865)—English manufacturer, a leader of the Free Traders and one of the founders of the Anti-Corn Law League.—205, 283, 365, 458, 464, 497, 498, 499, 518, 526, 534
Cohnheim, Max—German democrat, took part in the Baden revolutionary movement in 1848-49; emigrated after the revolution.—280
Collet, Collet Dobson—English radical writer and public figure.—540
Commissaire, Sébastien (1822-1890)— French republican, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849); took part in the demonstration of June 3, 1849; exiled to Corsica.—126
Confucius (550 or 551-479 B.C.)— Chinese philosopher and statesman.— 274
Considérant, Victor Prosper (1808-1893)—French writer, Utopian socialist; disciple and follower of Fourier.—556
Constant de Rebecque, Henri Benjamin (1767-1830)—French liberal politician and writer.—104
Cooke, George Wingrove (1814-1865)— English liberal historian and journalist.—329
Cornewall, Lewis—see Lewis, Sir George Cornewall
Cotta, Johann Georg (1796-1863)— German publisher, owner of a large publishing house in 1832-63.—248
Cousin, Victor (1792-1867)—French philosopher.—104
Craig, William Gibson (1797-1878)— English statesman, Whig, Lord of the Treasury (1846-52).—349
Cramer, Karl Gottlob (1758-1817)— German writer, author of adventure novels.—237 *
Cranworth, Robert Monsey Rolfe, Baron (1790-1868)—English statesman and lawyer, Whig, Lord Chancellor (1852-58, 1865-66).—510, 517
Crawford, William Sharman (1781-1861)—Irish radical, M.P.; supported the Chartists; took part in founding the Tenant-Right League.— 504
Creton, Nicolas Joseph (1798-1864)— French lawyer; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, Orleanist.—165
Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658)—leader of the English revolution, Lord Pro-tector of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1653.—105, 179, 180, 314
Crossley, Sir Francis (1817-1872)— English manufacturer, radical, M.P.—338, 341
D
Dahlmann, Friedrich Christoph (1785-1860)—German liberal historian and politician, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1848 (Right Centre).—22
Dalhousie, James Andrew Broun Ramsay, Earl and Marquis of (1812-1860)— English statesman, Peelite, Governor-General of India (1848-56); pursued a policy of colonial conquests.— 370
Dalrymple, Sir John Hamilton Macgill (1726-1810)—Scottish lawyer and historian, author of An Essay towards a General History of Feudal Property in Great Britain.—493 Damm—German democrat; in 1849 President of the Baden Constituent Assembly; later emigrated to England.—319
Daniels, Amalie (1820-1895)—wife of Roland Daniels.—426-28, 454
Daniels, Roland (1819-1855)—German physician, member of the Cologne Central Authority of the Communist League from 1850; defendant in the Cologne Communist trial (1852), acquitted by the jury; friend of Marx and Engels.—210, 211, 399, 402, 426, 427, 454, 590
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)—Italian poet.— 539
Danton, Georges Jacques (1759-1794)— leader of the Right wing of the Jacobins in the French Revolution.— 86, 103, 104
Darasz, Albert (1808-1852) — prominent figure in the Polish national liberation movement, took part in the 1830-31 insurrection; a leader of the democratic organisations of Polish emigrants; member of the Central Committee of European Democracy.—103, 281
De flotte—see Flotte, Paul Louis Francois
René de
Delia Rocco, Henrico Morozzo—Italian refugee, follower of Mazzini.— 515
De Maistre—-see Maistre, Joseph Marie,
comte de De Morny—see Morny, Charles Auguste
Louis Joseph, duc de
Demosthenes (384-322 B.C.) —Greek orator and politician.— 273 Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, Earl of (1799-1869) —English statesman, Tory leader; Prime Minister (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68).—338, 344, 349, 352, 365-67, 370-74, 469, 472-74, 478, 503, 507, 510
Desfossés, Romain Joseph (1798-1864) — French admiral, deputy to the Legislative Assembly, Minister of the Navy
(November 1849-January 1851).— 157 Desmoulins, Lucie Simplice Camille Benoist (1760-1794)—French writer; played an active part in the French Revolution, Right-wing Jacobin.—104
Dickens, Charles John Huff am (1812-1870)—English writer.—257, 258
Diderot, Denis (1713-1784)—French philosopher of the Enlightenment, atheist, leader of the Encyclopaed-ists.—260
Dietz, Oswald (c. 1824-1864)—German architect; participated in the 1848-49 revolution; emigrated to London, member of the Central Authority of the Communist League; when the League split in 1850, joined the separatist Willich-Schapper group and became a member of its Central Committee; in later years took part in the American Civil War.— 293, 385, 390, 403-05, 410, 412-14, 416, 421, 425, 427, 428, 450, 591
Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield (1804-1881) — British statesman and writer; adhered to the Young England group in the 1840s; in later years leader of the Tories; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68), Prime Minister (1868, 1874-80).—349, 364, 458-61, 463, 467-69, 473, 474, 503, 507, 511
Doblhoff-Dier, Anton, Baron von (1800-1872)—Austrian statesman, moderate liberal; Minister of Trade (May 1848) and Minister of the Interior (July-October 1848).—56
Dbbler, Ludwig (1801-1864) — Austrian illusionist, presented "dissolving views".— 258 Dodson, Sir John (1780-1858) —English judge.— 521
Douro, Marquis of—see Wellington, Arthur Richard Wellesley, Marquis of Douro, Duke of
Dronke, Ernst (1822-1891) —German journalist; at first a "true socialist", in later years a member of the Communist League and an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; emigrated to England after the 1848-49 revolution; supporter of Marx and Engels.—223, 439-42, 622, 624
Droz, François Xavier Joseph (1773-1850)—French historian, philosopher and economist.— 545
Duchâtel, Charles Marie Tanneguy, comte
(1803-1867) —French statesman, Orleanist, Minister of Trade (1834-36), Minister of the Interior (1839, 1840-February 1848); follower of Malthus.—167, 269
Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan (1816-1903)— Irish politician and writer; a leader of the Young Ireland group and founder-member of the Tenant-Right League, M.P.; emigrated to Australia in 1855.—477, 522
Dulon, Rudolph (1807-1870)—German pastor, a leader of the Friends of Light movement opposing the official church; emigrated to America in 1853.—270, 281, 282
Dumas, Alexandre Dumas père (1802-1870)—French writer.—600
Dundas, Sir David (1799-1877) — English Liberal politician, lawyer, Judge Advocate-General (1849-52).— 350
Dünweg, Hugo—architect from Bar-men, friend of Gottfried Kinkel.— 234
Dupin, André Marie Jean Jacques (1783-1865)—French lawyer and politician, Orleanist; deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848-49) and President of the Legislative Assembly (1849-51); subsequently Bonapartist.— 132, 150. 154
Duprat, Pascal Pierre (1815-1885)— French journalist and politician, republican; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; opponent of Louis Bonaparte.— 156
Durrieu, Xavier (1817-1868)—French journalist and politician, republican; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; author of a book on the coup d'état of 1851.—595, 596-99
E
Ebner, Hermann—German journalist, secret agent of the Austrian police in the 1840s and 1850s.—590
Eccarius, Johann Friedrich— German tailor; member of the Communist League; emigrated to London in 1851; supported Marx and Engels after the split in the League; brother of Johann Georg Eccarius.—622, 624
Eccarius, Johann Georg (1818-1889) — German tailor; prominent in the German and international working-class movement, member of the League of the Just and later of the Communist League; member of the General Council of the First International; in later years took part in the English trade union movement.— 592, 622, 624
Edwards, Henry—English politician, Tory, M.P. (1847-52).—338, 341
Eichhorn, Johann Albrecht Friedrich (1779-1856)—Prussian statesman, Minister of Religious Worship, Education and Medicine (1840-48).— 24
Eisenmann, Gottfried (1795-1867) — German journalist, physician; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Centre, later Left wing).—14
Engels—German Protestant pastor from Cologne.— 246
Engels, Frederick (1820-1895).—1, 10, 12, 21, 22, 39, 50, 53, 62, 74, 88, 96, 206, 217, 222, 269, 378, 379, 384-87, 389, 399, 403, 433, 449, 456, 557, 566, 570, 590, 622, 624
Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio (1589-1669) — Spanish preacher, Jesuit.— 475 Esser I, Johann Heinrich Theodor— Prussian official, lawyer, clerical; in 1848 Vice-President of the Prussian National Assembly, belonged to its Centre; defence counsel in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).— 590
Euclid (late 4th-early 3rd cent. B.C.)— Greek mathematician.— 541
Ewart, William (1798-1869)—English politician, Free Trader.— 340, 350
F
Fairbairn, Sir William (1789-1874)— Scottish engineer, owner of a factory in Manchester.—360
Falloux, Frederic Alfred Pierre, comte de
(1811-1886) — French politician and writer, Legitimist and clerical; in 1848 initiated the closure of the national workshops and organised the suppression of the June uprising of the Paris workers; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; Minister of'Education (1849).—127, 137, 139, 168, 170
Fanon—French émigré, member of the Committee of the French society of Blanquist emigrants in London in the early 1850s.—294
Faucher, Julius (Jules) (1820-1878)— German writer, Young Hegelian; advocate of free trade; propagated indi-vidualistic, anarchist views in the early 1850s; refugee in England in 1850-51.—305-07
Faucher, Léon (1803-1854) —French writer and politician, Malthusian economist, Orleanist; Minister of the Interior (December 1848-May. 1849, 1851), later Bonapartist.—145, 163, 168
Fazy, Jean Jacques (1794-1878) — Swiss statesman and journalist, radical, head of government of the Geneva canton (1846-53 and 1855-61); pursued a pro-Bonapartist policy in the 1850s.—264
Ferdinand I (1793-1875)—Emperor of Austria (1835-48).—50, 55-57, 65
Ferdinand II (1810-1859)—King of the Two Sicilies (1830-59).—50, 601, 609
Ferenczi—Hungarian singer.— 354
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872)—German philosopher.— 247, 265, 270, 273
Fickler, Joseph (1808-1865)—German journalist, democrat, a leader of the Baden democratic movement in 1848-49, member of the Baden Provisional Government (1849); after the revolution emigrated to Switzerland; later lived in England and America.—305, 308-09, 317, 320, 321, 322, 323
Fielden, John (1784-1849)—English manufacturer, philanthropist, propo-nent of factory legislation.—524
Fleury, Charles (also Schmidt, real name
Carl Friedrich August Krause) (b. 1824) — London businessman, Prussian spy and police agent.—386, 391, 393, 410-14, 419, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 437-43, 451-52, 454
Flotte, Paul Louis François René de (Deflotte) (1817-1860)—French naval officer, democrat and socialist, Blanquist; active in the events of May 15 and the June 1848 uprising in Paris; deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1850-51).—144 Folien, August Adolf Ludwig (1794-1855)—German journalist and poet; took part in the war against Napoleonic France; joined the student movement in 1815.—278, 282
Fould, Achille (1800-1867) —French banker and politician, Orleanist, subsequently Bonapartist, Finance Minister several times between 1849 and 1867.—140, 157, 159, 163, 170
Fourier, François Marie Charles (1772-1837) — French Utopian socialist.— 20, 552 Fox, William Johnson (1786-1864)— English politician and journalist, Free Trader, M.P.—350
Francis I (1494-1547)—King of France (1515-47).—126
Francis I (1768-1835)—Emperor of Austria (1804-35), the last emperor of the Holy Roman Empire known as Francis II (1792-1806).—29, 31
Francis Joseph I (1830-1916) — Emperor of Austria (1848-1916).—72, 513 Franck, Gustav (d. 1860) — Austrian democrat, refugee in London in the early 1850s.—320
Frederick I ("Barbarossa" or "Red-beard") (c. 1123-1190) —German King from 1152, Holy Roman Emperor (1155-90).—311
Frederick Augustus II (1797-1854)— King of Saxony (1836-54).—85
Frederick William HI (1770-1840)— King of Prussia (1797-1840).—15, 17-20
Frederick William IV (1795-1861) — King of Prussia (1840-61).—16, 17, 19-20, 24, 31, 35, 36, 67, 68, 72, 76, 80, 244, 404, 515, 538
Freiligrath, Ferdinand (1810-1876) — German revolutionary poet, member of the Communist League, an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in
1848-49.—248, 378, 379, 384-87, 433, 540, 622-24
Fröbel, Julius (1805-1893) —German radical writer and publisher of progressive literature; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1848 (Left wing).—65
Frondes, Victor—French army officer banished to Algeria after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; later emiigrated to Belgium.—509
Frost, John (1784-1877) —English radical; joined the Chartist movement in 1838; sentenced to deportation for life to Australia for organising a miners' uprising in Wales in 1839;
was pardoned in 1856 and returned to England.—340, 374
Fuad Effendi Mehemmed (1815-1869)— Turkish statesman; in the 1850s and 1860s was several times Minister of Foreign Affairs and Grand Vizier.— 540
Fürstenberg, Baron von—Prussian landowner, member of the jury in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).— 400, 455
G
Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642)—Italian physicist and astronomer, founder of mechanics.—456
Gammage, Robert George (1815-1888)— Chartist; saddler and cobler; author of The History of the Chartist Movement (1854).—376
Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882)— Italian revolutionary, democrat; in the 1830s and 1840s took part in the revolutionary movement of South America; chief organiser of the defence of the Roman Republic in April-June 1849; in the 1850s and 1860s headed the struggle of the Italian people for national liberation and the unification of the country.— 288, 295
Gauthier (nicknamed Walther the Pauper) (d. 1096) — French knight, a leader of the detachment of French peasants in the First Crusade (1096-99).—313, 314
Gavazzi, Alessandro (1809-1889) — Italian clergyman; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; refugee in England, campaigned against the Catholic Church and the temporal power of the Pope; in later years comrade-in-arms of Garibaldi.— 299
Gebert, August—Mecklenburg joiner; member of the Communist League in Switzerland and later in London; after the split in 1850 belonged to the separatist Willich-Schapper group.—293, 450, 452
Geiger, Wilhelm Arnold—Prussian police official; in 1848 examining magistrate, then Chief of Police in Cologne.—421
George III (1738-1820)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1760-1820).— 529
Gerhardt, J.—German democrat, refugee in the USA in the early 1850s.—621
Germans, St.— see Saint-Germans, Edward Granville Eliot
Gervinus, Georg Gottfried (1805-1871)— German historian, liberal; in 1848 deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre).— 23
Gibson, Thomas Milner (1806-1884)— English politician and statesman, Free Trader.—350, 505, 507
Gipperich .(Gibberich), Joseph—German tailor; after the split in the Communist League member of a Paris community supporting the separatist Willich-Schapper group; defendant in the trial following the so-called Franco-German plot in Paris in February 1852; later emigrated to England.— 411, 412, 417, 418-19
Girardin, Delphine de (1804-1855)— French authoress; wife of Emile de Girardin.—196
Girardin, Emile de (1806-1881)—French journalist and politician, editor of La
Presse; notorious for his lack of principles in politics; moderate republican during the 1848-4.9 revolution, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1850-51); later Bonapartist.—156, 283 Giraud, Charles Joseph Barthélémy (1802-1881) — French lawyer, monarchist, Minister of Education (1851).—177
Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898) — British statesman; Tory, later Peelite; leader of the Liberal Party and head of a number of Liberal
cabinets in the latter half of the nineteenth century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55 and 1859-60).— 332, 352, 371, 475, 486, 501, 510
Gbbel—presiding judge of the Assizes in the Cologne trial of Communists.—420, 437, 455 Goegg, Amand (1820-1897)—German journalist, democrat; member of the Baden Provisional Government in 1849; emigrated after the revolution; member of the First International in later years; in the 1870s joined the German Social-Democrats.—263, 305, 308-11, 316-23
Gohringer, Carl (born c. 1808) — innkeeper from Baden; member of the Communist League; belonged to the separatist Willich-Schapper group; owner of a public house in London which was the meeting-place of German refugees.—300, 305
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)—German poet.—108, 230, 232, 233, 237-39, 245, 256, 305, 456, 604 Goldheim—Prussian police officer, in the early 1850s a secret Prussian agent in London.—401, 422, 428-35, 436-41, 444
Gbrgey, Arthur (1818-1916)—military leader of the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary, a commander and, from April to June 1849, commander-in-chief of the Hungarian army; voiced the conservative sentiments of the nobility; advocated agreement with the Habsburgs, and later capitulation; War Minister (from May 1849).—63, 300
Gorzowski, Tadeusz—Polish refugee, member of the Polish Democratic Society.—355
Gottfried von Strassburg (end of the 12th-beginning of the 13th cent.)— German poet, author of the epic poem Die Sage von Tristan und Isolde.—234, 238
Goupil de Préfelne, Guillaume François Charles (1727-1801)—French politician, deputy to the Constituent Assembly, constitutional monarchist.— 375
Goûté—French émigré, member of the Committee of the French society of Blanquist emigrants in London in the early 1850s.—294
Gracchus Gains Sempronius (153-121 B.C.)—people's tribune in Ancient Rome (123-122 B.C.); campaigned for agrarian laws in the interests of the peasants; brother of Gracchus Tiberius.—104
Gracchus Tiberius Sempronius (163-133 B.C.)—people's tribune in Ancient Rome (133 B.C.); campaigned for agrarian laws in the interests of the peasants.—104
Graham, Sir James Robert George (1792-1861)—British statesman; Whig, then follower of Peel; Home Secretary in Peel's Cabinet (1841-46).— 332, 352, 458, 459, 467, 471, 476, 499, 506, 507, 517, 520 Granier de Cassagnac, Bernard Adolphe
(1806-1880)—French journalist, lacked principle in politics; prior to the 1848 revolution Orleanist, then Bonapartist; deputy to the Legislative Corps during the Second Empire.— 196, 597
Greene, Thomas—English politician, Peelite, M.P. (1846-52)-—350
Gregory I the Great, Saint (540-604) — Pope (590-604).—425
Greif—Prussian police officer, one of the leaders of the Prussian agency in London in the early 1850s.— 386, 390-91, 393, 401, 418-19, 422, 429-33, 439, 440, 442-43, 451
Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron (1759-1834)—British statesman, Whig, Prime Minister (1806-07).— 500
Grey, Charles, Earl of (1764-1845)— British statesman, a Whig leader, Prime Minister (1830-34).—338, 500
Grey, Sir George (1799-1882)—British statesman, Whig, Home Secretary (1846-52, 1855-58 and 1861-66) and Secretary for Colonial Affairs (1854-55).—350
Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Carl (1785-1863)—German philologist, author of a historical grammar of the German language,, and of folklore adap-tations; professor in Göttingen and then in Berlin; liberal.—277
Grimm, Wilhelm Carl (1786-1859)— German philologist, co-author of his brother, Jacob Grimm, in his main works; professor in Göttingen and then in Berlin; liberal.—277
Grunich—German democrat, refugee in London in the early 1850s.—280
Gruyères, Counts—Swiss aristocratic family.—493
Guise, Duke—see Henry II of Lorraine
Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874) — French historian and statesman; from 1840 up to the February revolution of 1848 virtually directed France's foreign and domestic policy.—104, 116, 167, 168, 183, 184, 196, 424
H
Haacke, Johann Carl (born c. 1820)— German tailor; member of the Communist League; after its split belonged to the separatist Willich-Schapper group.—449
Habbegg—German democrat, refugee in London in the early 1850s.—280
Häbling von Lanzenauer—German landowner, juryman in the Communist trial in Cologne (1852).—400
Habsburgs—dynasty of emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 1273 to 1806 (with intervals), of Austria (from 1804) and of Austria-Hungary (from 1867 to 1918).—514 Hampden, John (1595-1643)—English politician; during the 17th-century revolution, a leader of the Parliamentary opposition to the absolutist regime.—67
Hansemann, David Justus (1790-1864)— German capitalist, a leader of the Rhenish liberal bourgeoisie, Finance Minister of Prussia (from March to September 1848).—36, 39, 45, 66, 67, 294 Harring, Harro Paul (1798-1870)— German writer, radical; emigrated in 1828, lived in various countries of Europe and America, including the USA.—284-89
Hasse, Leo—friend of Gottfried Kinkel.—244
Hatchell, John (b. 1788)—English statesman, Whig, Attorney-General for Ireland (1851-52).—350
Hätzel, Carl Joseph August (born c. 1815)—German shoemaker; tried with a group of Communist League members in Berlin in August 1850, acquitted by the jury; member of the separatist Willich-Schapper group; witness for the prosecution in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).— 424, 450
Hauck, Ludwig (1799-1850)—Austrian army officer, democrat; took part in the uprising in Vienna in 1848 and in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; shot after the defeat of the revolution.—299-300
Haug, Ernst-—Austrian army officer, democrat; active in the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; after the revolution emigrated to England; an editor of the weekly Der Kosmos.— 281, 297-98, 300-02, 320, 321
Haupt, Hermann Wilhelm (born c. 1833)—German shop assistant, member of the Communist League; arrested with other Cologne Communists he turned King's evidence and was released before the trial; fled to Brazil.—449
Hautpoul, Alphonse Henri, marquis d' (1789-1865)—French general,
Legitimist, later Bonapartist; deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51), War Minister (1849-50).—139, 144, 151-53
Haynau, Julius Jakob, Baron von (1786-1853)—Austrian general; took part in suppressing the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; commanded the Austrian troops in Hungary (1849-50); initiated violent repressions against Hungarian revolutionaries.—46
Head, Sir Francis Bond (1793-1875)— British colonial administrator, traveller and writer.—198
Heck, Ludwig (born c. 1822)—tailor from Brunswick, member of the Communist League; after the League split up in 1850, joined the separatist Willich-Schapper group.—414
Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz (1811-1881)—German democrat, a leader of the Baden republican uprising in April 1848; after its defeat he emigrated to Switzerland and later to the USA.—262
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)—German philosopher.—14, 103, 107, 230, 234, 239, 244, 265-68, 277, 284, 299, 404, 496
Hein—German refugee in the USA, member of the Socialist Gymnastic Association in the early 1850s.—625
Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856)—German revolutionary poet.—42, 49, 112, 265, 268, 269, 419, 620
Heinrich LXXII (1797-1853) —ruler of the tiny German principality of Reuss-Lobenstein-Ebersdorf (1822-48).—75
Heinzen, Karl (1809-1880)—German journalist, radical; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to Switzerland, later to England and in the autumn of 1850 to the USA.—270, 274-80, 293, 301-03, 309, 323
Henley, Joseph Warner (1793-1884)— English statesman, Tory, President of the Board of Trade (1852 and 1858-59).—357, 367
Henry II of Lorraine (1614-1664)—one of the leaders of the Fronde.—195
Henry III (1551-1589)—King of France (1574-89).—602
Henry IV (1553-1610)—King of France (1589-1610).—282
Henry V—see Chambord, Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, comte de
Henry VI (1421-1471)—King of England (1422-61).—166
Henry of Prussia, Friedrich Heinrich Ludwig (1726-1802)—Prince of Prussia, military leader and diplomat; took part in the Seven Years' War (1756-63).—533
Henry, Sir Thomas (1807-1876)— English judge.—540
Hentze, A.—German officer, member of the Communist League; after the split in 1850 joined the separatist Willich-Schapper group; witness for the prosecution in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—424, 450, 452
Herbert, Sidney, Baron of Lea (1810-1861)—British statesman, Tory, later Peelite; Secretary for the Admiralty (1841-45), Secretary at War (1845-46 and 1852-55) and War Secretary (1859-60).—352, 507
Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1744-1803)—German writer and literary theorist.—270
Hermes, Johann Timotheus (1738-1821) — German theologian and writer, author of the novel Sophiens
Reise von Memel nach Sachsen.— 275
Herstadt, I. D.— banker from Cologne, juryman in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—400, 590
Hertle, Daniel (b. 1824)—German journalist; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to the USA in 1850.—320
Herwegh, Georg Friedrich (1817-1875)— German democratic poet.—265
Hess, Moses (1812-1875)—German radical journalist, one of the leading representatives of "true socialism" in the mid-1840s; member of the Communist League; after the split in the League he sided with the separatist Willich-Schapper group.—449
Hinckeldey, Karl Ludwig Friedrich von
(1805-1856)—Prussian government official, Police President of Berlin from 1848.—444
Hirsch, Wilhelm—commercial clerk from Hamburg, Prussian police agent in London in the early 1850s.—386, 391-93, 426-30, 437, 439, 440, 442, 443, 451, 452
Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus (1776-1822)—German writer.—238
Hohenzollerns—dynasty of Brandenburg electors (1415-1701), Prussian kings (1701-1918) and German emperors (1871-1918).—404
Homer—semi-legendary epic poet of ancient Greece, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey.—258
Hontheim, Richard von (d. 1857)— lawyer in Cologne, defence counsel in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—428, 433, 434, 436, 590, 591
Horner, Leonard (1785-1864) — English geologist and public figure; factory inspector (1833-56); member of the Factories Inquiry Commission in 1833 and of the Children's Employment Commission in 1841; took the side of the workers.—360, 479, 480, 526
Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885)— French writer; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; opposed Louis Bonaparte.—138, 234, 595-96, 598, 599, 600, 601, 602-04, 609
Hume, Joseph (1777-1855)—English politician, a leader of the radicals, M.P.—340, 362, 372, 374-76 i
Imandt, Peter—German teacher, took part in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the Communist League; emigrated to London in 1852; supporter of Marx and Engels.—439-42, 622, 624
Ingersoll, Joseph (1786-1868)—US Con-gressman, ambassador to Britain (1852-53).—478
Isabella II (1830-1904)—Queen of Spain (1833-68), daughter of Ferdinand VIL—609
Itzstein, Johann Adam von (1775-1855)— a leader of the liberal opposition in the Baden Diet; in 1848-49 deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (extreme Left wing); emigrated to Switzerland after the defeat of the revolution.—278
J
Jacobi, Abraham (1830-1919) — German physician, member of the Communist League; defendant in the Cologne Communist trial (1852), acquitted by the jury; in later years emigrated to the USA.—210, 211
Jacoby, Johann (1805-1877)—German radical writer and politician, physician; in 1848 one of the leaders of the Left wing in the Prussian National Assembly; in the 1870s was close to the Social-Democratic Party.—295
James I (1566-1625)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1603-25).—502, 503
James II (1633-1701)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1685-88).—508
James, George Payne Rainsford (1799-1860)—English romantic writer.— 600
Jaup, Heinrich Karl (1781-1860)— German lawyer, liberal; head of the Hesse-Darmstadt Government (1848-50); President of the pacifist congress in Frankfurt am Main in August 1850.—283
Jellachich (Jellacic), Josef, Count (1801 -1859)—Austrian general, Ban of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia (1848-59); took part in suppressing the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary and Austria.—55, 56, 57, 59, 61
Jenghiz Khan (1162-1227)—Mongolian Khan and general.—601
Joest, Karl—manufacturer in Cologne, juryman in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—400
John (Johann Baptist Joseph Fabian Sebastian) (1782-1859)—Archduke of Austria, imperial Regent of Germany (June 1848 to December 1849).—41, 53, 84, 86, 87
Joinville. François Ferdinand Philippe Louis Marie, Prince de (1818-1900)— Duke of Orleans, son of Louis Philippe; emigrated to England after the February 1848 revolution.—167, 176
Jones, Ernest Charles (1819-1869)— prominent figure in the English working-class movement, proletarian poet and journalist, a leader of the Left wing of the Chartist movement; friend of Marx and Engels.—337-40, 343, 376, 473-74, 573, 581, 582, 589, 622, 624
Jones, William (c. 1808-1873)—English watch-maker, Chartist, an organiser of a miners' uprising in Wales in 1839; sentenced to deportation for life in Australia.—341
Jordan, Sylvester (1792-1861)—German lawyer and politician, a leader of the constitutional-democratic movement in Kurhessen in the 1830s; member of the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1848-49.—13
Joseph II (1741-1790)—Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1765-90).—28, 29
Jung, Georg Gottlob (1814-1886)— German writer, Young Hegelian, responsible publisher of the Rheinische Zeitung, democrat; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848.—590
Jung-Stilling, Johann Heinrich (1740-1817)-—German writer, pietist.—241
Junkermann—police inspector in Crefeld, witness for the prosecution in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—443, 444
Jurieu. Pierre (1637-1713)—French theologian, Protestant, opponent of absolutism, predecessor of Rousseau.—556
K
Ka-gi-ga-gi-wa-wa-be-ta—leader of an Indian tribe, took part in the international pacifist congress in Frankfurt am Main in August 1850.— 283
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)—German philosopher.—247, 496
Karl Friedrich August Wilhelm (1804-1873)—Duke of Brunswick from 1823; early in September 1830, was deposed and forced to emigrate; in the 1840s and 1850s maintained contacts with democratic refugees; published the Deutsche Londoner Zeitung.—264, 279, 301
Kaulbach, Wilhelm von (1805-1874)— German painter.—322
Keck, V.—German refugee in the USA, member of the Socialist Gymnastic Association in the early 1850s.—625
Kelly, Sir Fitzroy (1796-1880)—British statesman, Tory, M.P.—524
Keogh, William Nicholas (1817-1878)— Irish lawyer and politician, a leader of the Irish faction in Parliament; held high juridical posts in Ireland.— 474, 475, 477, 504
King, Peter John Locke (1811-1885)— British politician, radical, M.P.—207, 340
Kinkel, Johann Gottfried (1815-1882)— German poet and journalist, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising
of 1849; sentenced to life imprisonment by a Prussian court; in 1850 escaped and emigrated to London, where he became a leader of the petty-bourgeois emigration and came out against Marx and Engels.—103, 229-59, 274, 284, 290-94, 297-304, 306-07, 312, 316-23, 325, 326, 445, 450
Kinkel, Johanna (née Mocket) (1810-1858)—German authoress, wife of Gottfried Kinkel.-~232, 237, 240, 241, 242, 244-47, 252, 254-56, 258, 302-04
Kiss, Miklôs (b. 1820)—Hungarian officer, democrat, refugee, Kossuth's agent in France and Italy.— 355
Klapka, György (Georg) (1820-1892)— general of the Hungarian revolutionary army (1848-49), emigrated in 1849; maintained contact with the Bonapartist circles in the 1850s; after the amnesty in 1867 returned to Hungary.—224, 225
Klein, Johann Jacob (born c. 1817)— doctor in Cologne, member of the Communist League, defendant in the Cologne Communist trial (1852); acquitted by the jury.—210, 211, 402
Klein, Julius Leopold (1810-1876)— German dramatist and theatre critic.— 306
Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb (1724-1803)—German poet, representative of the German Enlightenment.— 229
Knapp, Albert ( 1798-1864)—German poet, author of hymns, pietist.—235, 252
Kock, Charles Paul de (1793-1871)— French novelist and dramatist.—269
Kortum, Karl Arnold (1745-1824)— German poet and writer, author of the satiric poem Die Jobsiade.—283
Kossuth, Lajos (1802-1894)—leader of the Hungarian national liberation movement, headed the bourgeois-democratic elements in the 1848-49 revolution, head of the Hungarian revolutionary government; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated first to Turkey and later to England and the USA.—224, 225, 274, 276, 295, 326, 354-55, 382, 465, 508, 513, 514, 515, 528, 532, 535
Kothes, D.—businessman in Cologne, democrat, witness for the defence in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—421-24, 429
Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand von (1761-1819)—German writer and journalist, extreme monarchist.—239
Kräusler—Prussian professor, juryman in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—400
Krug, Wilhelm Traugott (1770-1842)— German philosopher.—299
Krüsi, Chr.—owner of a printshop in Basle.—537
Krummacher, Friedrich Wilhelm (1796-1868)—German preacher, Calvinist pastor, leader of the Wuppertal pietists.—243
Kyburg, Counts (13th cent.)—a family of Swiss nobles, became extinct in 1264.—493
L
La Hitte, Jean Ernest Ducos, vicomte de (1789-1878)—French general, Bonapartist, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1850-51), Foreign Minister (1849-51).—144
Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de (1790-1869) —French poet, historian and politician; a leader of the moderate republicans in the 1840s; Foreign Minister and effective head of the Provisional Government in 1848.— 162, 251, 278, 600
Lamoricière, Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de (1806-1865)—French general, moderate republican; took part in suppressing the June 1848 uprising; Minister of War in the Cavaignac Government (June to December 1848); deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies.—126, 180
Lanckoronski, Count—Polish refugee, agent of the Russian tsarist government.—355
Landolphe—French petty-bourgeois socialist, émigré in London; joined the separatist Willich-Schapper group after the split in the Communist League in 1850.—295
Lansdowne, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marquess of (1780-1863)—British statesman, Whig, Chancellor of the Exchequer (1806-07), President of the Privy Council (1830-41 and 1846-52), member of Cabinet without office (1852-63).—471, 507 La Rochefoucauld, François, duc de (1613-1680)—French moralist writer, prominent in the Fronde.—409
La Rochejaquelein, Henri Auguste Georges
du Vergier, marquis de (1805-1867)— French politician, a leader of the Legitimist party; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; later senator of the Second Empire.—168
Las Cases, Emmanuel Augustin Dieudonné, comte de (1766-1842)—French historian, accompanied Napoleon to St. Helena (1815-16); published Mémorial de Sainte Hélène (1822-23).—182
Latour, Theodor, Count Baillet von (1780-1848)—Austrian statesman, advocate of absolutist monarchy; Minister of War in 1848; killed by insurgents in the October 1848 uprising in Vienna.—57 Laube, Samuel—German tailor, member of the Communist League, joined the separatist Willich-Schapper group when the League split up in 1850.— 414
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste (1807-1874)—French journalist and politician, a leader of the petty-bourgeois democrats, editor of La Réforme; in February-May 1848 Minister of the
Z<< - 1 0 7 6 Interior in the Provisional Government, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies, where he headed the Montagne party; emigrated to England after the demonstration of June 13, 1849.—6, 46, 113, 126, 131, 134, 216, 272, 281, 282, 290-95, 297, 301, 311, 324, 558, 560, 597
Le Flô, Adolphe Emmanuel Charles ( 1804-1887)—French general, politician and diplomat, representative of the Party of Order, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic—123, 180
Lehon, Countess—lived in Paris in the 1830s-1850s, was connected with the Orleans.—196
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von (1646-1716)—German philosopher and mathematician.—404
Leiden, Kosmos Damian—wine-seller from Cologne, juryman in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—400
Lelewel, Joachim (1786-1861)—Polish historian and revolutionary; took part in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31 ; a leader of the democratic wing of the Polish emigration in 1847-48; member of the Committee of the Brussels Democratic Association.—355
Lenzburg, Counts—representatives of a Swiss aristocratic family which became extinct about 1172.—493
Leo, Heinrich( 1799-1878)—German historian and writer, extreme monarchist, ideologist of Prussian big landowners.—282
Leopold, Karl Friedrich (1790-1852)— Grand Duke of Baden (1830-52).— 85, 90
Lewald, Fanny ( 1811 -1889)—German writer associated with the Young Germany group.—270
Lewis, Sir George Cornewall (1806-1863)—British statesman, Whig, Secretary to the Treasury (1850-52), Chancellor of the Exchequer (1855-
58), Home Secretary (1859-61) and Secretary of State for War (1861-63).—350
Libényi, Jânos (c. 1832-1853)— Hungarian journeyman tailor who made an attempt on the life of the Austrian Emperor Francis Joseph in 1853.—513, 535
Lichnowski, Felix Maria, Prince t>on(1814-1848)— Prussian officer, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right wing); killed during the September 1848 uprising in Frankfurt.—435
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900)— prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the Communist League; one of the founders and leaders of the German Social-Democratic Party; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—427-29, 430, 432, 438, 439, 442, 622, 624
Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, Earl (1770-1828)—British statesman, a Tory leader, held several ministerial posts, Prime Minister (1812-27).—500
Loch, James (1780-1855)—Scottish economist and lawyer, manager of the Duchess of Sutherland's estates.—491, 493
Lochner, Georg (born c. 1824)— carpenter; active member of the German working-class movement, member of the Communist League and, later, of the General Council of the First International; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—622, 624
Locke, John (1632-1704)—English philosopher.—105
Locke King—see King, Peter John Locke
Longard, Sebastian—friend of Gottfried
Kinkel; subsequently lawyer in Cologne.—244
Louis XIV (1638-1715)—King of France (1643-1715).—188 Louis XV (1710-1774)—King of France (1715-74).—196
Louis XVI (1754-1793)—King of France (1774-92), guillotined during the French Revolution.—16, 546
Louis XVIII (Louis le Desire) (1755-1824)—King of France (1814-15 and 1815-24).—104
Louis Bonaparte—see Napoleon HI
Louis Napoleon—see Napoleon HI
Louis Philippe I (1773-1850)—Duke of
Orléans, King of the French (1830-48).—31, 108, 110, 112-14, 119, 121, 126, 135, 138, 148, 166, 167, 169, 170, 183, 186, 221, 264, 472, 518, 551, 597
Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans, Count of Paris (1838-1894)—grandson of Louis Philippe, pretender to the French throne.—166, 167
Lucas, Frederick (1812-1855)—Irish journalist and politician, M.P., a leader of the Tenant-Right movement.—477, 507
Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Cams) (c. 99-55 B.C.)—Roman philosopher and poet.—511
Luther, Martin (1483-1546)—German theologian, writer, leader of the Reformation; founder of Protestantism (Lutheranism) in Germany.—104, 317, 422
Lytton, Edward George Earl Lytton (Bulwer-Lytton) (1803-1873)—English writer and politician, Whig, Tory from 1852, M.P.—600
M
Machiavelli, Niccolo (1469-1527)— Italian politician, historian and writer.—317, 320
Magnan, Bernard Pierre (1791-1865)— French general, marshal from December 1851, Bonapartist; took part in suppressing workers' uprisings in Lyons (1831 and 1849), Lille and Roubeaux (1845), and the June 1848
uprising in Paris; deputy to th> Legislative Assembly (1849-51);- an organiser of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—169, 177, 180, 596
Mahon, Philip Henry Stanhope, Viscount (1805-1875)—British politician and historian, Peelite, M.P.—350
Maistre, Joseph Marie, comte de (1753-1821)—French writer, monarchist, an ideologist of the aristocratic and clerical reaction.—16
Majer, Adolph (born c. 1819)—member of the Communist League, as emissary of the separatist Willich-Schapper group worked in France from the end of 1850 to 1851; defendant in the trial following the discovery of the so-called Franco-German plot in Paris in February 1852.—223, 293, 407, 414
Maleville, François Jean Léon de (1803-1879)—French politician, Orleanist, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; Minister of the Interior (latter half of December 1848).—162
Malmesbury, James Howard Harris, Earl of (1807-1889) —British statesman, Tory, Foreign Secretary (1852 and 1858-59).—460, 473
Malten—Prussian agent abroad.—285
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834)— English clergyman and economist, author of a theory of population.—331, 492, 502, 549
Manteuffel, Otto Theodor, Baron von (1805-1882)—Prussian statesman, Minister of the Interior (November 1848-November 1850), Prime Minister (1850-58).—460, 473
Marat, Jean Paul (1743-1793)—a Jacobin leader in the French Revolution.—608
Marheineke, Philipp Konrad (1780-1846)—German Protestant theologian and historian of Christianity, Right-wing Hegelian.—230
Maria Cristina, senior (1806-1878) — wife of the Spanish King Ferdinand
2V* VII, Regent of Spain from 1833 to 1840 (during the minority of her daughter Isabella II).—609
Marlowe, Christopher (1564-1593)— English poet and playwright.—604
Marrast, Armand (1801-1852)—French journalist and politician, a leader of moderate republicans, editor of Le National; in 1848 member of the Provisional Government and Mayor of Paris, President of the Constituent Assembly (1848-49).—6, 105, 114, 123
Marx, Karl (1818-1883)—1, 63, 98, 99, 119, 137, 170, 211, 223, 269, 327, 332, 333, 336, 348, 362, 364, 378-81, 382-87, 389, 392, 399, 402, 404, 407, 413-16, 420-26, 428, 430, 433-38, 442, 444-45, 449, 451-52, 455, 456, 458, 459, 465, 469, 474, 477, 486, 508, 523, 527, 528, 534-36, 541, 590, 591, 595, 615, 617, 619, 622, 624
Masaniello, properly Tommaso Aniello (1620-1647)—Italian fisherman; leader of the popular revolt in July 1647 against the Spanish Viceroy of Naples.—179
Masterman, John(c. 1782-1862)—English banker and politician, Tory, M.P.— 349
Mathy, Karl (1807-1868) —Baden journalist and politician, moderate liberal; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre) in 1848-49.— 309
Mauguin, Franc ois (1785-1854)—French lawyer and politician, a leader of the liberal dynastic opposition (until 1848); deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic (Right wing).—153, 155
Maupas, Charlemagne Emile de (1818-1888) — French lawyer, Bonapartist, Prefect of the Paris police (1851), an organiser of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; Minister of Justice (1852-53).—177, 444
Maurice of Saxony (Moritz von Sachsen)
(1696-1750) —French marshal of German descent; took part in the war for the Austrian succession (1741-48); author of theoretical works on war. — 266
Maximilian II (1811-1864)—King of Bavaria (1848-64).—75
Mayerhofer, Rudolph—Deputy Minister of War in the Baden Provisional Government in 1849; sabotaged the introduction of radical military measures.— 263
Mayne Reid—see Reid, Thomas Mayne
Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872) — Italian revolutionary; bourgeois democrat, head of the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic in 1849; an organiser of the Central Committee of European Democracy in London in 1850; in the early 1850s sought support in Bonapartist circles; in later years became an anti-Bonapartist.— 281-84, 286-88, 290-95, 297, 298, 300, 301, 303, 310, 321, 324, 354-56, 382, 465, 508, 514, 515, 532, 535, 536
Mehemet Ali (or Mohammed Ali) (1769-1849)—Ruler of Egypt (1805-49); carried out a number of progressive reforms.—491
Melanchthon, Philipp (1497-1560) — German theologian, closest associate of Martin Luther, together with whom he adapted Lutheranism to the princes' interests.— 317
Melbourne, Frederick James Lamb, Viscount (1782-1853) —English diplomat, Whig.—502
Melbourne, William Lamb, Viscount (1779-1848)—English statesman, Whig, Prime Minister (1834 and 1835-41).— 500, 501
Menchikoff (Menshikov), Alexander Sergeyevich, Prince (1787-1869)— Extraordinary Russian Envoy in Turkey in 1853; commander-in-chief of the Russian land and naval forces in the Crimea (1853-55).—541
Messenhauser, Caesar Wenzel (1811-1848)—Austrian army officer and man of letters; commander of the National Guard and commandant of Vienna during the uprising in October 1848; shot after the city was seized by the Austrian troops.—60
Metternich-Winneburg, Clemens Wenzel Lothar, Prince von (1773-1859)— Austrian statesman and diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1809-21) and Chancellor (1821-48); an organiser of the Holy Alliance.—15, 26, 27, 29-32, 34, 35, 49, 54, 317 Meyen, Eduard (1812-1870)—German journalist, Young Hegelian; emigrated to England after the defeat of the 1848-49 revolution.—305-07, 312, 318-19, 322, 324
Mierosiawski, Ludwik (1814-1878)— prominent figure in the Polish national liberation movement; took part in the 1830-31 Polish insurrection, in the preparations for the 1846 uprising in the Polish lands and in the 1848-49 revolution; subsequently a leader of the moderate wing of Polish democratic emigrants; inclined towards Bonapartism.—91
Miller, Johann Martin (1750-1814)— German poet and writer, representative of sentimentalism in German literature, author of the novel Siegwart. Eine Klostergeschichte.—229, 232, 236, 241, 242, 255, 256
Milner, Gibson—see Gibson, Thomas Milner
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Victor Riqueti,
comte de (1749-1791)—leading figure in the French Revolution, advocate of constitutional monarchy.—608
Mockel—see Kinkel, Johanna
Mole, Louis Mathieu, comte (1781-1855)— French statesman, Orleanist, Prime Minister (1836-37 and 1837-39), deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic—144, 168, 594
Molesworth, Sir William (1810-1855)— English statesman, Liberal, M.P.,
Commissioner of Public Works (1853) and Secretary of State for Colonies (1855).—473, 475
Molinari, G. de (1819-1912)—Belgian economist and journalist.—294
Monk (Monck), George, 1st Duke of Al-bemarle (1608-1670)—English general and statesman; at first monarchist, then general in Cromwell's army; in 1660 helped to restore the Stuarts to power.—151
Monsell, William (1812-1894)—Irish liberal, a leader of the Irish faction in Parliament; clerk of Ordnance (1852-57)._474, 476
Montalembert, Charles Forbes René de
Tryon, comte de (1810-1870)—French politician and journalist, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, Orleanist, leader of the Catholic circles; supported Louis Bonaparte during the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—160, 168, 192
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondât,
Baron de la Brède et de (1689-1755)— French sociologist, economist and writer of the Enlightenment.— 547 Moore, George Henry (1811-1870)—Irish politician and leader of the Tenant-Right movement, M.P.—477
More, Sir Thomas (1478-1535)—English politician, Lord Chancellor (1529-32), humanist writer, an early representative of Utopian communism, author of Utopia.—493
Moreau, Jean Victor Marie (1763-1813)— French general; took part in the wars waged by the French Republic against the coalition of European states.—308
Morgan, Henry (d. 1853)—English needle-maker.—484, 485
Moray, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph, due
de (1811-1865)—French politician, Bonapartist, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51); an organiser of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; Minister of the Interior (December 1851-January 1852); half-brother of Napoleon III.—196, 221, 597
Mosle, Johann Ludwig (1794-1877)— German army officer, representative of Oldenburg in the Federal Diet, imperial commissioner in Vienna (August-October 1848).—64
Mügge, Theodor (1806-1861)—German writer and journalist, Young Hegelian.—306
Müller, Christian—customs officer in Lörrach (Baden).—263, 298
Müller, Franz Joseph—legal counsellor in Cologne, conservative; father-in-law of Roland Daniels.—427-28
Müller, Johannes von (1752-1809)—Swiss conservative historian.—288, 289
Münch-Bellinghausen, Franz Theodor, Baron (b. 1787)—Prussian official, juryman in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—400, 455
Münks, F.—German refugee in London in the early 1850s, member of the Communist League, associate of Marx and Engels.—622, 624
Münks II—: German refugee in London in the early 1850s, member of the Communist League, associate of Marx and Engels.—622, 624
Murat, Napoleon Lucien Charles, Prince (1803-1878)—French politician, Bonapartist, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; cousin of Napoleon III.—356
N
Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821) — Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—7-8, 18, 24, 91, 103-05, 118, 149, 151, 179, 180, 184, 186, 188-93, 195, 197, 200-01, 211, 216, 222, 308, 310, 473, 513, 521, 539, 601, 607, 610
Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873) —Prince, nephew of Napoleon I; President of the Second Republic (1848-51), Emperor of the French (1852-70).—96, 99, 103, 105, 106, 108, 113, 117-23, 125, 126, 129, 131, 135-40, 143-45, 147-53, 155-64, 168-73, 176-82, 184-99, 210, 211-15, 217-22, 354-56, 371, 382, 498-99, 502, 506, 509, 517-21, 533, 541, 558, 593-98, 600-02, 607, 608, 617
Nasmyth, James (1808-1890) —English engineer and inventor.—480
Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) (37-68) — Roman Emperor (54-68).—601
Nette, Ludwig Heinrich (born c. 1819)— tailor from Hanover; member of a Paris community belonging, after the split in the Communist League in 1850, to the separatist Willich-Schapper group; defendant in the trial following the discovery of the so-called Franco-German plot in Paris in February 1852.—418, 457
Neumayer, Maximilien Georges Joseph (1789-1866) — French general, supporter of the Party of Order, commander of a division in Paris.—151
Newcastle, Henry-Pelham Fiennes Pelham Clinton, Duke of (1811-1864)— British statesman, Peelite, Secretary for War and the Colonies (1852-54), Secretary for War (1854-55) and Secretary for Colonies (1859-64).—370
Ney, Napoleon Henri Edgar (1812-1882)—French general, Bonapartist, aide-de-camp of President Louis Bonaparte, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1850-51).—138
Nicolai, Christoph Friedrich (1733-1811)—German writer, publisher and bookseller, advocate of "enlightened absolutism".—265, 271
Nitzsch, Karl Immanuel (1787-1868)— German Protestant theologian and preacher, professor of Bonn and Berlin Universities.— 229
Nothjung, Peter (1821-1866)—tailor; member of the Cologne Workers' Association and of the Communist League, defendant in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—390, 399, 400, 402, 405
Novalis (pseudonym of Friedrich Leopold
von Hardenberg) (1772-1801) —German romantic writer, author of the novel Heinrich von Ofterdingen.— 237, 239, 240, 242, 244, 246, 249, 254
O
O'Connell, Daniel (1775-1847)—Irish lawyer and politician, leader of the liberal wing of the national liberation movement.—277, 353
O'Donnell, Maximilian, Count von (1812-1895)—aide-de-camp of Emperor Francis Joseph.—513
Oppenheim, Heinrich Bernhard (1819-1880)—German democratic politician, economist and journalist; an editor of the Berlin newspaper Die Reform in 1848; refugee in 1849 and 1850; later a national-liberal.—272, 290, 306, 307, 312, 320, 324
Orleans—royal dynasty in France (1830-48).—120, 127, 164, 165, 167, 168, 183, 187, 195, 196 Orleans, Helene Louise-Elisabeth, Duchesse
d' (1814-1858)—Princess of Mecklen-burg-Schwerin, widow of Ferdinand, Louis Philippe's eldest son; mother of the Count of Paris, pretender to the French throne.—113, 138
Osborne—see Bernai Osborne, Ralph
Oswald, Eugen (1826-1912)—German journalist, democrat; took part in the revolutionary movement in Baden in 1848-49; emigrated to England after the defeat of the revolution.— 280
Otto, Carl Wunibald (born 1810) — German chemist; in 1848-49 member of the Cologne Workers' Association; member of the Communist League; a defendant in the Cologne Communist trial (1852); sentenced to five years imprisonment.— 210, 211, 402
Oudinot, Nicolas Charles Victor (1791-
1863)—French general, Orleanist; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; in 1849 commanded the troops sent against the Roman Republic; tried to organise resistance to the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—123, 132, 138
Owen, Robert (1771-1858)—English Utopian socialist.—552
Oxford, Alfred Harley, Earl of (1809-1853)—English aristocrat.—502
P
Paget, Clarence Edward (1811-1895)— British military and political figure, Whig.—350
Pakington, Sir John Somerset (1799-1880)—British statesman, Tory, Secretary for War and the Colonies (1852), First Lord of the Admiralty (1858-59 and 1866-67) and Secretary of State for War (1867-68).— 460
Palackj, Frantisek (1798-1876)—Czech historian and liberal politician; Chairman at the Slav Congress in Prague in 1848; favoured preserving the Habsburg monarchy.—46
Palmer, Roundell, Earl of (1812-1895)— British statesman, Peelite, later Liberal, Lord Chancellor (1872-74 and 1880-85).—350
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount (1784-1865)—British statesman, Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41 and 1846-51), Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58 and 1859-65); Tory at the beginning of his career, from 1830 onwards, Whig.— 198, 205, 354, 356, 370, 371, 458, 459, 469, 471-72, 475, 493, 507, 536, 538
Paris, Count of—see Louis Philippe Albert
d'Orléans
Parker, John (1799-1881) —British politician, Whig, Secretary to the Admiralty (1841 and 1849-52).—350 Paulus, Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob (1761-1851)—German Protestant theologian, representative of the rationalist trend in Lutheranism.—299
Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850)—British statesman, moderate Tory, Prime Minister (1841-46); repealed the Corn Laws in 1846.—200, 208, 332, 350, 365, 370, 371, 458, 460, 500, 518
Peel, Sir Robert (1822-1895)—British politician and diplomat, M.P.; son of the above.—523
Peene, Thomas—London physician.— 527
Perceval, Dudley (1801-1856)—British public figure, Tory.—486
Perczel, Mor (1811-1899)—Hungarian general; took part in the Hungarian revolution of 1848-49; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to Turkey and in 1851 to England.—57, 59, 61
Perrot, Benjamin Pierre (1791-1865)— French general; took part in suppressing the June 1848 uprising, commanded the Paris National Guard in 1849.—159
Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, comte
(1808-1872)—French statesman, Bonapartist, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51); an organiser of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; Minister of the Interior (1852-54 and 1860-63).—163, 176, 597
Peter the Cruel—King of Castile and Leon (1350-69).—602
Peter the Hermit (c. 1050-1115)—French monk and preacher, one of the leaders of the peasant forces in the First Crusade (1096-99).—313, 314
Peto, Samuel Morton (1809-1889)— English businessman, engaged in railway, construction; M.P., Liberal; withdrew from public activity in 1866, when his firm went bankrupt.— 575
Pfänder, Karl (c. 1818-1876) —prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; painter; in 1845 emigrated to London; member of the Communist League and later of the General Council of the First International; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 622, 624
Pharnaces II (d. 47 B.C.)—King of Bos-porus (from 63 B.C.).—412
Piat, Jean Pierre (1774-1862)—French general, Bonapartist, organiser and head of the Society of December 10.—149
Pieper, Wilhelm (born c. 1826)—German philologist and journalist, member of the Communist League; emigrated to London; in 1850-53, was close to Marx and Engels.—622, 624
Pierce, Franklin (1804-1869)—the four-teenth President of the USA.— 522
Pierre—clerk from London.—431
Pitt, William (1759-1806)—British statesman, Tory; Prime Minister (1783-1801 and 1804-06).—469
Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti) (1792-1878)—Pope (1846-78).—135, 138, 541
Platen (Platen-Hallermünde), August, Count von (1796-1835)—German poet and dramatist.— 234
Plato (c. 427-c. 347 B.C.)—Greek philosopher.—531
Plutarch (c. 46-c. 125)—Greek writer and philosopher.—412
Poinsinet, Antoine Alexandre (1735-1769) — French dramatist; author of many comedies. He is mentioned in Diderot's dialogue Le neveu de Rameau.— 305
Polignac, Jules Auguste Armand Marie
(1780-1847) — French statesman of the Restoration, Legitimist and clerical, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Prime Minister (1829-30).—168
Pope—see Pius IX
Prince of Prussia—see William I Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865)— French writer, economist and sociologist; a founder of anarchism; deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848).—134, 545, 547-59, 562, 564-67, 595, 604-07, 609-11, 612-13, 614
Prutz, Robert Eduard (1816-1872)— German poet, journalist and historian of literature, associated with Young Hegelians.—268
Publicola ( Valerius Publius, called Publico-la) (d. 503 B.C.)—statesman of the Roman Republic.—104
Pythagoras (c. 571-497 B.C.)—Greek mathematician and philosopher.—307
Q
Quesnay, François (1694-1774)—French economist, founder of the school of Physiocrats; physician by profession.— 547
Quételet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques (1796-1874)—Belgian mathematician, statis-tician and astronomer.—497
R
Radetzky, Josef, Count of Radetz (1766-1858)—Austrian field marshal, commander of the Austrian troops in Northern Italy from 1831; in 1848-49 suppressed the Italian national liberation movement; in 1850-56 Governor-General of the Lombardian-Venetian Kingdom.—50, 56, 58, 513, 514, 532
Radowitz, Joseph Maria von (1797-1853)— Prussian general and statesman; a Right-wing leader in the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1848-49.—301
Ramorino, Gerolamo (1792-1849) — Italian general; in 1834 headed the march of revolutionary refugees to Savoy organised by Mazzini; commanded the Piedmontese army in the 1848-49 revolution in Italy and by his treacherous tactics contributed to the victory of the Austrian counter-revolutionary forces.—286
Râteau, Jean Pierre Lamotte (1800-1887)—French lawyer, Bonapartist, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic—121
Rath, vom—Cologne manufacturer, juryman in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—400
Rattier, François Edmond (1822-1890)— French republican, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849); took part in the demonstration of June 3, 1849; emigrated.—126
Raveaux, Franz (1810-1851)—German politician, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848-49; imperial commissioner in Switzerland, and one of the five Imperial regents in June 1849; member of the Baden Provisional Government; emigrated after the revolution.—324, 325
Regnault (Regnaud) de Saint-Jean d'Angély, Auguste Michel Etienne, comte (1794-1870)—French general, Bonapartist; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; War Minister (January 1851).—158
Reichenbach, Oskar, Count (b. 1815)— Silesian landowner, democrat, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848-49); in 1850 emigrated to England and later to America.— 297, 312, 317, 319, 325, 450
Reicherzer, K.—German refugee in the USA, member of the Socialist Gymnastic Association in the early 1850s.— 625
Reid, Thomas Mayne (1818-1883)— British novelist.— 535
Reininger, Johann Georg—German tailor; member of a Paris community belonging, after the split in the Communist League, to the separatist Willich-Schapper group; defendant in the trial following the discovery of the so-called Franco-German plot in Paris in February 1852.—414 Reistle, E.—German refugee in the USA, member of the Socialist Gymnastic Association in the early 1850s.— 625
Rémusal, Charles François Marie, comte de
(1797-1875)—French statesman and writer, Orleanist, Minister of the Interior (1840), deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic.—160
Renard—teacher of calligraphy in Cologne, expert at the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—444
Reuchlin, Johann (1455-1522)—German scientist, philologist and lawyer, prominent representative of humanism.— 270
Reuter, Max—Prussian police agent in London in the early 1850s.—390, 392, 406, 449, 591
Ricardo, David (1772-1823)—English economist.—528, 531
Richard I (Richard Lionheart) (1157-1199)—King of England (1189-99).—257
Richard III (1452-1485)—King of England (1483-85).—165
Richards, Alfred Bate (1820-1876)— English playwright, journalist (wrote under the pen-name "Englishman"); came out against Cobden and the Manchester School.—534
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis de (1585-1642)—French statesman in the period of absolutism, Cardinal.— 545
Richmond, Charles Gordon-Lennox, Duke of (1791-1860)—British politician, Tory Protectionist.—512
Rifaat-Pasha, Sadik (1798-1855) — Turkish statesman and diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1853).— 541
Rings, L.W.— member of the Communist League, in the early 1850s emigrated to London, supporter of Marx and Engels.—427-29, 434, 439, 622, 624 Rittinghausen, Moritz (1814-1890) — . German democrat, contributor to the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the Cologne Democratic Society and later of the German Social-Democratic Party.—556, 558 Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de (1758-1794)—leader of the Jacobins in the French Revolution, head of the revolutionary government (1793-94).—103, 104, 295, 558, 559, 608 Robinson, Frederick John (Viscount Goderich, 1st Earl of Ripon) (1782-1859)—British statesman, Tory; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1823-27) and Prime Minister (1827-28).—362
Rochow, Gustav Adolf Rochus von (1792-1847)—Prussian Minister of the Interior (1834-42).—412
Roemer (Römer), Friedrich von (1794-1864)—Württemberg statesman, one of the leaders of the liberal opposition in the Lower Chamber until 1848; in 1848-49 Minister of Justice and Prime Minister of Württemberg, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly.—13, 309
Roesler, Gustav Adolf (1818-1855)— German teacher and journalist, member of the Left in the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848-49); emigrated to America in 1850.—94
Romain-Desfossés—see Desfossés, Romain
Joseph
Ronge, Johannes (1813-1887)—German pastor, one of the initiators of the "German Catholics" movement, took part in the 1848-49 revolution, democrat; emigrated to England after the revolution was defeated.— 270, 297-99, 302, 317, 320, 321
Rosenblum, Eduard—German student, participated in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated after its defeat.—280
Rbser, Peter Gerhard (1814-1865)—cigar-maker; prominent figure in the German working-class movement; Vice-President of the Cologne Workers' Association (1848-49); member of the Communist League; defendant in the Cologne Communist trial (1852), was sentenced to six-year imprisonment; later joined the Lassalleans.— 399, 402, 449, 457
Rothschild, Anselm Mayer (1773-1855)— head of the Rothschild banking house in Frankfurt am Main.—19
Rothschild, Lionel Nathan, Baron (1808-1879)—head of the Rothschild banking house in London; Whig, M. P. (from 1858).—512, 523, 579
Rotteck, Karl Wenzeslaus Rodecker von (1775-1840)—German historian and politician, liberal.—13, 22, 262-64, 281-301
Rouher, Eugene (1814-1884) — French statesman, Bonapartist; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; Minister of Justice (1849-52, with intervals); held several government posts during the Second Empire.— 154, 155, 157, 163
Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712-1778) — French philosopher and writer of the Enlightenment.—547, 556-57, 608
Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul (1763-1845)— French philosopher and politician, advocate of constitutional monarchy.—104, 552
Ruge, Arnold (1802-1880)—German radical journalist and Young-Hegelian philosopher; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; one of the leaders of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in England in the 1850s.—103, 260, 264-74, 278, 281-84, 290-94, 297-302, 304, 307, 309, 312, 316-18, 320-21, 323, 324, 402
Rumpf, E.—German tailor; member of the Communist League; emigrated to London in 1851, supporter of Marx and Engels.—622, 624
Ruscsdk, Ignâc—Hungarian tailor; democrat, associate of Kossuth.— 513
Russell, John, 1st Earl (1792-1878) — British statesman, leader of the Whig Party, Prime Minister (1846-52 and 1865-66) and Foreign Secretary (1852-53 and 1859-65).—205, 207-08, 331, 338, 349, 370-76, 458, 471, 475, 477, 499, 506, 510-11, 516, 520, 522-23
S
Sack, Karl Heinrich (1789-1875)— German Protestant theologian, professor in Bonn, advocate of religious orthodoxy.—229
Sadleir, John (1814-1856)—Irish banker and politician, a leader of the Irish group in Parliament, Junior Lord of the Treasury in 1853.—474, 475, 477, 486, 504
Saedt, Otto Joseph Arnold (1816-1886)— Prussian legal official, Public Prosecutor in Cologne from 1848, prosecutor in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—384, 386, 392, 399, 401, 402, 415, 419, 429, 443, 453-56
Saffi, Aurelio (1819-1890)—Italian writer and prominent figure in the national liberation movement, associate of Mazzini; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; emigrated to England in 1851.—536
Saint-Arnaud, Armand Jacques Leroy de (1801-1854)—French general, from 1852 marshal, Bonapartist; War Minister (1851-54); one of the organisers of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—123, 596
Saint-Germans, Edward Granville Eliot, 3rd Earl of St. Germans (1798-1877)— British statesman, Peelite, Chief Secretary for Ireland (1841-45) and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1852-55).—370 Saint-Jean d'Angély—see Regnault (Re-gnaud) de Saint Jean d'Angély, Auguste Michel Etienne
Saint-Just, Antoine Louis Léon de Richebourg de (1767-1794)—a Jacobin leader in the French Revolution.—104
Saint-Priest, Emmanuel Louis Marie de
Guignard, vicomte de (1789-1881)— French general and diplomat, Legitimist, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51).—166
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825)—French Utopian socialist.—20, 557
Sainte-Beuve, Pierre Henri (1819-1855)—French manufacturer and landowner, advocate of free trade; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, representative of the Party of Order.—171
Sallandrouze de Lamornais, Charles Jean ( 1808-1867)—French industrialist, deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848-49); supported Louis Bonaparte during the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—179
Salvandy, Narcisse Achille, comte de (1795-1856)—French writer and statesman, Orleanist, Minister of Education (1837-38 and 1845-48).— 166
Sundry, Mary Ann (c. 1810-1853)— English working woman.—527
Saul—first King of Israel (c. 1025 B.C.). —285
Say, Jean Baptiste (1767-1832)—French economist, one of the founders of the "three production factors" theory, an apologia of capitalist exploitation.—104
Schabelitz—Swiss publisher and bookseller; father of Jacob Schabelitz.— 537
Schabelitz, Jacob (1827-1899) —Swiss publisher and bookseller, member of the Fraternal Democrats society from
1846, member of the Communist League; maintained contacts with Marx and Engels in the late 1840s and the early 1850s.—537
Schapper, Karl (c. 1812-1870)—prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, one of the leaders of the League of the Just, member of the Communist League Central Authority; participant in the 1848-49 revolution; after the revolution one of the leaders of the separatist group that split away from the Communist League in 1850; later a member of the General Council of the First International.—223, 293, 295, 402, 403, 404, 406, 407, 410, 413-16, 420, 445, 449, 451 Schärttner, August—cooper in Hanau, active in the 1848 revolution and the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 184)9; emigrated to London; member of the Communist League; after its split in 1850 joined the separatist Willich-Schapper group and became a member of its Central Authority.— 293, 305, 451
Schüler, Johann Christoph Friedrich von
(1759-1805)—German poet, dramatist, historian and philosopher.— 150, 156, 239, 455 Schimmelpfennig, Alexander (1824-1865)—Prussian officer, democrat, participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated, joined the separatist Willich-Schapper group; took part in the American Civil War on the side of the Northerners.— 290, 312, 316, 317, 319
Schinderhannes—see Bückler, Johann
Schlönbach, Carl Arnold (1807-1866)— German poet, friend of Gottfried Kinkel.—244
Schlössing, Marie—Berlin acquaintance of Gottfried Kinkel.—234
Schmidt—see Fleury, Charles
Schmitz, Th.— private secretary in Cologne, witness for the defence in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).— 427, 429
Schnauffer, Karl Heinrich (c. 1823-1854)—German poet and journalist, democrat; took part in the 1848-49 revolutionary movement in Baden; emigrated after the revolution.— 280
Schneider II, Karl—German lawyer, democrat; in 1848, President of the Cologne Democratic Society and member of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats; counsel for the defence in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—386, 417, 427, 434, 435, 436, 437, 442, 445, 590, 591 Scholefield, William (1809-1867)— British radical, M.P.—522
Schramm, Jean Paul Adam, comte de (1789-1884)—French general and politician, Bonapartist, Minister of War (October 1850-January 1851).— 152, 157 Schramm, Konrad (c. 1822-1858)—active figure in the German working-class movement, member of the Communist League; emigrated to London in 1849, responsible editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 415, 416
Schramm, Rudolf (1813-1882) —German journalist, democrat, deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; emigrated to England after the revolution; opponent of Marx; supporter of Bismarck in the 1860s.—260, 261, 264, 274, 294, 297, 321, 324
Schvler, J. L.— German refugee in the LSA, member of the Socialist Gymnastic Association in the early 1850s.—625
Schultz (d. 1852)—chief of police in Cologne, an organiser of the Cologne Communist trial of 1852.—400, 426, 444, 454
Schurz, Karl (1829-1906) —German democrat, active in the Baden-
Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to Switzerland; later US statesman.—243, 257, 290, 293, 312, 316-21, 325
Schütz, Jacob Friedrich (1813-1877)— German democrat; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; representative of the Baden Provisional Government in Paris; later emigrated to England.— 272
Schwarzenberg, Felix, Prince zu (1800-1852) — Austrian conservative statesman and diplomat; Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (from November 1848 to 1852).—34
Schwarzer, Ernst (1808-1860)—Austrian official and journalist, Minister of Public Works (from July to September
1848).—56
Schwezler von Lecton—widow of an official in Frankfurt am Main.—435
Scott, Sir Walter (1771-1832)—Scottish writer.—600
Seckendorf, August Heinrich Edward Friedrich, Baron von (1807-1885)— Prussian legal official, member of the Lower Chamber (Centre) in 1849; public prosecutor in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—392, 399, 401, 402, 419, 429, 433, 455, 456
Shadwell—revising barrister for Middlesex in the early 1850s.— 367
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616) — English dramatist and poet.—149, 185, 307, 600
Shelley, John Villiers (1808-1867)— British M.P., Free Trader.—533
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley (1751-1816) — English playwright and politician.— 600
Sigel, Albert (1827-1884) —Baden officer, journalist; democrat; took part in the Baden revolutionary movement of 1848-49; emigrated to the USA in 1853; took part in the American Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—321, 324
Sigel (Siegel), Franz (1824-1902)— Baden officer, democrat, one of the military leaders of the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; refugee in Switzerland, England and, from 1852, in the USA; took part in the American Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—91, 305, 308, 310, 311, 316, 317, 320, 321, 323-24
Simon, Ludwig (1810-1872)—German democrat, lawyer, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; one of the five Imperial regents in June 1849; emigrated to Switzerland.—324
Sismondi, Jean Charles Léonard Sismonde
de (1773-1842) — Swiss economist, representative of economic romanticism.—492, 529, 531
Smith, Adam (1723-1790)—Scottish economist.—491, 547, 579
Socrates (c. 469-399 B.C.)—Greek philosopher.—262
Somers, Robert (1822-1891)—British bourgeois journalist.—494
Somerville, Sir William Meredyth (1802-1873)—British statesman, Whig, Chief Secretary for Ireland (1847-52).—350
Soulouque, Faustin (c. 1782-1867)— President of the Republic of Haiti (1849-59); proclaimed himself Emperor of Haiti in 1849 under the name of Faustin I.—196
Spiess, Christian Heinrich (1755-1799)— German writer, author of entertaining novels.—237
Spooner, Richard (1783-1864)—British banker and politician, Tory, M.P. — 522
Stadion, Franz, Count von (1806-1853)— Austrian statesman, Minister of the Interior (1848-49).—65
Stafford, George Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland from 1833, Marquis (1758-1833)—big Scottish landowner.— 492
Stahr, Adolf Wilhelm Theodor (1805-1876)—German writer, author of historical novels and works dealing with the history of art and literature.—256
Stechan, Gottlieb Ludwig (born c. 1814)—joiner from Hanover; member of the Communist League, belonged to the separatist Willich-Schapper group but in December 1851 went over to Marx and Engels; from January 1852 he headed the Workers' Society in London.—427
Stein, Lorenz von (1815-1890)—German lawyer and historian, author of works on the socialist movement, advocate of "social monarchy".—455, 456
Steingens, Luitbert (Suitbert) Heinrich Hermann (born c. 1817)—German house-painter; emigrated to Brussels, member of the Communist League; after the split in the League in 1850 joined the separatist Willich-Schapper group; witness for the prosecution in the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—424, 450
Stephens, Joseph Rayner (1805-1879)— English clergyman; took an active part in the Chartist movement in Lancashire in 1837-39.—525
Steuart, Sir James, afterwards Denham (1712-1780)—British economist, one of the last representatives of mercan-tilism.—491
Stewart, Sir Huston (1791-1875)— English admiral, Whig, Lord of the Admiralty (1850-52).—350
Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882)—Prussian police officer, an organiser of and chief witness for the prosecution in the Cologne Communist trial (1852); together with WernTuth he wrote the book Die Communisten-Verschwbrungen
des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts; in later years chief of the Prussian political police.—380, 385, 386, 390, 391, 392, 400-02, 405-25, 427-38, 441, 444-45, 449, 453-55, 590, 591
Stirner, Max (real name Schmidt, Johann
Caspar) (1806-1856) — German Young Hegelian philosopher, an ideologist of individualism and anarchism.—270, 551, 557, 563
Strassoldo, Julius Cäsar, Count (1791-1855)—Austrian general; took part in suppressing the national liberation movement in Italy in 1848-49; in 1853 commanded a division stationed in Milan.— 513
Strauss, David Friedrich (1808-1874)— German Young Hegelian philosopher and writer.—247, 265
Strodtmann, Adolf (1829-1879)— German writer, democrat; took part in the Schleswig-Holstein revolutionary movement in 1848; emigrated in 1850; admirer and biographer of Gottfried Kinkel.—229, 241, 243, 256, 290, 293, 312, 316
Struve, Amalie (d. 1862)—wife of Gustav Struve, took part in the democratic movement in Germany in 1848-4 9 . - 2 6 3 , 264, 274, 301
Struve, Gustav von (1805-1870)— German democrat, journalist; a leader of the Baden uprisings in April and September 1848 and of the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated after the defeat of the revolution; one of the leaders of the German refugees in England; took part in the American Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—260-64, 274, 284, 294, 297-99, 301, 302, 304, 312
Stuart, Lord Dudley Coutts (1803-1854)— British M.P., Whig, was associated with Polish conservative and monarchist refugees.— 532
Stuarts—royal dynasty in Scotland (1371-1714) and England (1603-49 and 1660-1714).—487, 491
Stüve, Johann Karl Bertram (1798-1872)—German liberal politician, Minister of the Interior of Hanover (1848-50).—13
Sue, Eugène Marie Joseph (1804-1857)— French writer, author of sentimental novels dealing with social problems.—145, 442, 600
Sutherland, Elisabeth Leveson-Gower, Marchioness Stafford, Countess, Duchess from 1833 (1765-1839)—big Scottish landowner; wife of Marquis Stafford.— 491-94
Sutherland, Harriet Elisabeth Georgiana Leveson-Gower, Duchess (1806-1868)— big Scottish landowner, Whig, daughter-in-law of the above.—486, 487, 493
Szemere, Bartholomäus (Bertalan) (1812-1869)—Hungarian politician and journalist; Minister of the Interior and head of the revolutionary government (1849); fled from Hungary after the defeat of the revolution.— 515, 532
T
Tacitus, Cornelius (c. 55-c. 120)—Roman historian and orator.—283, 503
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de
(1754-1838)—French diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1797-99, 1799-1807 and 1814-15).—317
Tausenau, Karl (1808-1873)—Austrian democrat, head of the Central Committee of the Democratic Societies of Vienna during the 1848 revolution; emigrated to London in 1849.—297, 317-19, 323-24
Techow, Gustav Adolf (1813-1893)— Prussian officer, democrat, participant in the revolutionary events of 1848 in Berlin, Chief of the General Staff of the Palatinate revolutionary army; emigrated to Switzerland after the revolution and became a leader of the refugee organisation called Revolutionary Centralisation; in 1852 he went to Australia.—290, 312, 316, 317 Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877)— French historian and statesman, Prime Minister (1836, 1840), deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848); after 1848, head of the Orleanists; organised the suppression of the Paris Commune (1871); President of the Republic (1871-73).—123, 129, 131, 134, 144, 160, 167-68, 171, 173, 180, 518
Thompson, Thomas Perronet (1783-1869)—British politician and economist, Free Trader.—350
Thorigny, Pierre François Elisabeth Leul-lion de (1798-1869) —French lawyer; in 1834 conducted the investigation into the April uprising in Lyons; Bonapartist, Minister of the Interior (1851).—177
Tietz, Friedrich Wilhelm (born c. 1823)—German tailor, member of the Communist League; joined the separatist Willich-Schapper group when the League split up in 1850.— 414
Timur (Tamerlane) (1336-1405)—Central Asian soldier and conqueror, founder of a vast state in the East.— 602
Titus ( Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus) (born c. 41-81)—Roman Emperor (79-81).—608
Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Maurice
Clérel de (1805-1859)—French liberal historian and politician, Legitimist, advocate of constitutional monarchy, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, Minister of Foreign Affairs (June-October 1849).—168
Tooke, Thomas (1774-1858)—English economist, adherent of the classical school of political economy.— 362
Torrington, George Byng, Viscount (1812-1884)—British statesman, Whig,
M.P., Governor of Ceylon (1847-50).—340 Trollope, John (b. 1800)—British politician, M.P.—533
Tyrconnel, John Délavai Carpenter, Earl (c. 1790-1853)—English aristocrat.— 502
U
Ulmer, Johann—member of the Communist League, refugee in London in the early 1850s, supporter of Marx and Engels.—428, 439, 622, 624
V
Vaïsse, Claude Marius (1799-1864)— French statesman, Bonapartist, Minister of the Interior (January-April 1851).—162
Vatimesnil, Antoine François Henri Lefebvre de (1789-1860)—French statesman, Legitimist, Minister of Education (1828-30), deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51).—162
Venedey, Jakob (1805-1871)—German radical journalist and politician, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; liberal after the 1848-49 revolution.— 277 Verity, E.A.—English clergyman.—526 Véron, Louis Desire (1798-1867)— French journalist and politician, up to 1848 Orleanist, then Bonapartist; owner and publisher of Le Constitutionnel (1844-52).—196
Vetter, Antal (Doggenfeldi) (1803-1882)—Hungarian general, in 1848-49 an associate of Kossuth; emigrated after the defeat of the revolution.— 354
Victoria (1819-1901)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).— 469, 498, 529
Vidal, François (1814-1872)—French economist, petty-bourgeois socialist, Secretary of the Luxembourg Commission in 1848, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1850-51).—144 Vidil, Jules—French officer, socialist, member of the Committee of the French society of Blanquist emigrants in London; after the split in the Communist League in 1850 he was associated with the separatist Willich-Schapper group.—295-96
Vieyra—French colonel, Chief of Staff of the National Guard in 1851; Bonapartist, played an active part in the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—135
Villèle, Jean Baptiste Séraphin Joseph,
comte de (1773-1854)—French statesman of the Restoration, Legitimist, Prime Minister (1822-28).—168
Villiers, Charles Pelham (1802-1898)— British politician and lawyer, Free Trader, M. P.—458, 475
Visconti—see Arconati Visconti, Constan-ta, Marquise Vogt, Karl (1817-1895)—German natural scientist, materialist, petty-bourgeois democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; one of the five Imperial regents in June 1849; emigrated in 1849; was exposed by Marx as an agent of Louis Bonaparte in his work Herr Vogt (I860).—86
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet (1694-1778) — French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlightenment.— 307
W
Wakefield, Edward Gibbon (1796-1862) — British journalist, statesman, economist, author of a theory of colonisa-tion.—475
Waldeck, Benedikt Franz Leo (1802-1870)—German lawyer and radical politician; in 1848 Vice-President of the Prussian National Assembly and one of the leaders of its Left wing; subsequently a leader in the Progres-sist Party.— 295
Walther the Pauper—see Gauthier
Walpole, Spencer Horatio (1806-1898)— British statesman, Tory, Home Secretary (1852, 1858-59 and 1866-67).— 460
Ward, Henry George (1797-1860)— British colonial official, Whig; Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands (1849-55), Governor of Ceylon (1855-60) and Madras (I860).—340
Weiss, Johann Gottlieb Christian (1790-1853)—German actor and producer.—234
Welcker, Karl Theodor (1790-1869)— German lawyer and liberal writer; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre) in 1848-49.— 13, 22, 64, 262, 281, 285
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of (1769-1852)—British general and statesman, Tory, Prime Minister (1828-30) and Foreign Secretary (December 1834-April 1835).—198, 366, 368
Wellington, Arthur Richard Wellesley, Marquis of Douro, Duke of (1807-1884)— British politician, Tory; son of the above.—368
Wenckstern, Otto von (1819-1869)— German journalist, member of the Times editorial office in the early 1850s; Prussian spy in London.—540
Wermuth—chief of police in Hanover, an organiser of and witness for the prosecution in the Cologne Communist trial (1852); together with Stieber he wrote the book Die Communisten-Ver schwörungen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts.—401, 423, 437, 444
Westphalen, Ferdinand Otto Wilhelm Hen-ning von (1799-1876) — Prussian statesman, Minister of the Interior (1850-58), stepbrother of Jenny Marx, Karl Marx's wife.—515
Wigand, Otto (1795-1870)—German publisher and bookseller, owner of a firm in Leipzig which published works by radical writers.—270, 272 William I (1781-1864)—King of Württemberg (1816-64).—85
William I (1797-1888)—Prince of Prussia, King of Prussia (1861-88) and German Emperor (1871-88).—323
William IV (1765-1837)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1830-37).—540
Williams, Zephaniah (c. 1794-1874)— Chartist, an organiser of the miners' revolt in Wales in 1839, sentenced to life deportation to Australia.—340, 374
Willich, August (1810-1878)—Prussian officer who left the service on political grounds; member of the Communist League, participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; one of the leaders of the separatist group that split away from the Communist League in 1850; in 1853 emigrated to the USA, took part in the American Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—223, 253, 293, 295-97, 300, 301, 304, 312, 314-17, 320-23, 325, 402, 403, 404, 406, 407, 410, 412, 414-15, 420, 445, 449-52, 590
Willisen, Karl Wilhelm, Baron von (1790-1879)—Prussian general and military theoretician; royal commissioner in Posen (1848); in 1850 commanded the Schleswig-Holstein army in the war against Denmark.—313
Wilson, George (1808-1870)—British manufacturer and politician, Free Trader, President of the Anti-Corn Law League (1841-46).—505
Windischgrätz, Alfred, Prince (1787-1862)—Austrian field marshal; in 1848 commanded the troops which crushed the uprisings in Prague and Vienna; in 1848-49 led the Austrian army against the Hungarian revolution.—48, 55, 57, 59, 65, 272
Winkelblech, Karl Georg (1810-1865)— German economist, advocate of "federal socialism", which called for the restoration of the guilds.—249
Winkelried, Arnold von (d. 1386)—semi-legendary hero of the Swiss war of liberation against the Habsburgs; legend has it that he sacrificed his life to secure victory over Duke Leopold of Austria in the battle of Sempach (1386).—274, 304
Wiss, C.—German physician and journalist, Young Hegelian, emigrated to the USA in the early 1850s.—303
Wolff, Ferdinand (1812-1895)—German journalist, member of the Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee (1846-47) and the Communist League, an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); emigrated after the 1848-49 revolution; associate of Marx and Engels; later withdrew from all political activity.— 622, 624
Wolff, Wilhelm (Lupus) (1809-1864)— German proletarian revolutionary, teacher, prominent in the Communist League; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 87,93, 378, 379, 384-87,433,622,624
Wolfram von Eschenbach (c. 1170-1220)— German poet, author of Parzival, a poem of chivalry.—234
Wood, Sir Charles, 1st Viscount Halifax (1800-1885)—British statesman, Whig, Chancellor of the Exchequer (1846-52), President of the Board of Control of Indian Affairs (1852-55), First Lord of the Admiralty (1855-58) and Secretary for India (1859-66).— 337-38, 340, 467-69, 476, 499, 517, 523
Woolf, Arthur (1766-1837)—English engineer and inventor.—480
Wordsworth, William (1770-1850)— English poet.—600
Wrangel, Friedrich Heinrich Ernst, Count von (1784-1877)—Prussian general; one of the leaders of the counter-revolutionary coup d'état in Prussia and active participant in the dissolution of the Prussian National Assembly -in November 1848.—67, 68, 272
Y
Yon—French police commissioner charged with protecting the Legislative Assembly in 1850.—150, 154
Young, John (1807-1876)—Chief Secretary for Ireland.—511
Achilles—hero of Homer's Iliad; in Greek mythology, one of the Greek leaders in the Trojan War.—115, 117, 466
Adam (Bib.).—527
Ahriman—Greek name of the ancient Persian god Ahromayus, the god of darkness and evil.—276
Alcina—a wicked enchantress in Ariosto's poem L'Orlando furioso.—280
Angelica—a character in Ariosto's L'Orlando furioso and in Boiardo's Orlando innamorato.—315
Antaeus (Gr. myth.)—a giant, who was invincible as long as he touched the earth, his mother; was vanquished by Heracles, who tore him off from the earth.—618
Astolf—a character in Ariosto's L'Orlando furioso and in Boiardo's Orlando innamorato.—315
Augeas, Augeias or Augias (Gr. myth.) — King of Elis, at whose order Heracles performed one of his exploits— cleaned his stables.—289
Bacchus—see Dionysus
Bottom—a character in Shakespeare's comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream, a dull and self-confident weaver.—149
Brava—a character in Boiardo's Orlando innamorato.—315
Brute—a character in Shakespeare's drama Julius Caesar.— 321
Z
Zabel, Friedrich (1802-1875)—German liberal journalist, editor of the Berlin National-Zeitung (1848-75).—306
Zeller, Elise—sister of Paul Zeller.—231, 232, 233, 234, 237, 238
Zeller, Paul—student of Bonn University in 1834, friend of Gottfried Kinkel.— 229, 231, 232, 233
Cain (Bib.)—Adam's elder son who killed his brother Abel out of envy.— 496
Cassandra (Gr. myth.)—a daughter of Priam (King of Troy), prophetess, Agamemnon's niece, a character in Aeschylus' tragedy Agamemnon.—608
Charybdis—see Scylla
Christ, Jesus (Bib.).—107, 232, 242, 243, 254, 255, 257. 287
Circe—a sorceress in Homer's Odyssey who turned Odysseus' companions into swine.—183
Crapulinski—see Krapülinski
Crevel—a character in Balzac's novel
Cousine Bette, an upstart, money-grubber and libertine.—196
Damocles—according to Greek legend, a courtier of the Syracusean tyrant Dionysius (4th cent. B.C.).—143
David (Bib.)—King of Israel.—135
Dionysus (Bacchus) (Gr. myth.)—god of wine and mirth.—151
Don Quixote—the title character in Cervantes' novel.—17, 64, 287, 315
Elijah (Bib.).—231-33
Ezekiel (Bib.).~ 193
Faust—hero of a medieval German legend, the title character in Goethe's tragedy and Marlowe's play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.— 232, 605
INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES Figaro—the main character in Beaumarchais' comedy La folle journée, ou le mariage de Figaro.—414
Fleur de Marie—heroine in Eugène Sue's novel Les Mystères de Paris, a girl who grew up among criminals but preserved her purity and noble-mindedness; Sue gave her the name of lily, a flower which grows in dirty swamps but has snow-white petals.— 442
Habakkuk (Bib.)—a prophet.—105
Hecuba (Gr. Hekabe)—wife of the Trojan King Priam, mother of Hector and Paris.—235
Hudibras—the title character in Samuel Butler's satirical poem, a man inclined to meaningless arguments and debates and capable of proving the most absurd propositions with the help of syllogisms.—486
Israel (Bib.).—231, 232
Janus (Rom. myth.)—god represented with two faces looking in opposite directions.— 309
Jehovah (Bib.).—608
Jeremiah (Bib.) — a prophet who in his Lamentations mourns the destruction of Jerusalem.—297
Jesus—see Christ, Jesus
Jobs—hero of Karl Arnold Kortum's Die Jobsiade. Ein komisches Heldengedicht, a satirical poem popular in . the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.—283
John Bull—the title character in John Arbuthnot's book The History of John Bull (18th cent.). His name is often used to personify England.—198
Jonah (Bib.).—412
Judas (Bib.) — the apostle who betrayed Christ for thirty silver coins.—303 Jupiter (Jove)—supreme god of. the Romans, corresponding to the Greek god Zeus.—235
Krapulinski (Crapulinski)—one of the main characters in Heine's poem Zwei Ritter, a spendthrift Polish nobleman (the name comes from the French word crapule meaning gluttony, hard drinking as well as base scoundrel, idler).—112, 620
Lorelei—heroine of a popular legend which was widely used by German poets; a synonym of baneful, indifferent beauty.— 245
Mahadeva (Mahadb)—"great god", the nickname of Shiva, one of the chief Indian gods.—235
Mammon—wealth or the idol of wealth among some ancient peoples.—514
Mary (Bib.).—232, 237
Matthew (Bib.)—one of the four evangel-ists.—106, 141, 196, 406
Mephistopheles—a character in Goethe's tragedy Faust and Marlowe's play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.— 230, 604-05
Methuselah—a Biblical patriarch who is stated to have lived 969 years; his name is a synonym of longevity.— 500, 538
Moor, Karl—hero of Schiller's drama Die Räuber.—419
Moses (Bib.).—171, 449, 575
Narcissus (Gr. myth.)—a handsome youth who fell in love with his own reflection in the water; figuratively: a man absorbed in his own personal perfections.— 233
Nestor (Gr. myth.) — the oldest and wisest of the Greek heroes who took part in the Trojan War.—372
Noah (Bib.).— 230, 232
Odysseus—the title character in Homer's poem.—64, 258
Ofterdingen, Heinrich von— the title character in Novalis' unfinished novel, a romantic poet who spent his life in search for the "blue flower", the symbol of ideal poetry.—237, 239, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 254
Old Mother Goose—a character in English nursery rhymes and tales.—350
Orlando—hero of Ariosto's poem L'Orlando furioso and Boiardo's Orlando innamorato.— 310, 315
Pandora—a character in Greek mythology who, out of curiosity, opened a box which contained all human evils and let them out.—521
Paul—according to Biblical tradition, a Christian apostle; before his conversion to Christianity he was called Saul.—93, 104, 193
Perceval (Percival)—hero of several medieval poems; a knight who went in search for the Holy Grail; after ac-complishing a number of feats he became its guardian.—326
Peter—according to Biblical tradition, a Christian apostle; before his conversion to Christianity he was called Simon.—193
Pistol—a character in Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor, King Henry IV (Part Two) and King Henry V; an idler, braggart and liar.— 307
Priam (Gr. myth.) — King of Troy.— 235
Rodomonte—a character in Ariosto's poem L'Orlando furioso, a boastful knight.—274, 275, 302, 303, 323
Samuel (Bib.).—135
Sancho Panza—a character in Cervantes' Don Quixote.—64, 315
Saucissard—a character in Paul de Kock's L'amant de la lune.—269
Saul—see Paul
Schlemihl, Peter—a character in Chamisso's story Peter Schlemihls wundersame Geschichte who exchanged his shadow for a magic purse.—125
Schufterle and Spiegelberg—characters in Schiller's Die Räuber, ruthless robbers and murderers.—150
Scylla and Charybdis—two female mon-sters living on either side of narrow straits (Gibraltar) and bringing death to all mariners.—581
Siegwart—hero of Johann Miller's sentimental novel Siegwart. Eine Klostergeschichte.—229, 232, 236, 241, 242, 255, 256
Silenus (Gr. myth.)—an attendant of Dionysus (god of wine and mirth).—
305
Simon—see Peter
Stilling—hero of Jung-Stilling's hypocritical autobiographical novel Jugend-jahre.—241
Tartuffe—the title character in Molière's
comedy.—331
Thetis (Gr. myth.)—sea goddess, mother of Achilles.—117 Thomas—according to Biblical tradition, an apostle of Christ who refused to believe his resurrection and was called the doubting Thomas.—421
Turpin—a character in Boiardo's Orlando innamorato.—315
Wacht, Johannes—hero of Hoffmann's story Meister Johannes Wacht.—238
Wagner—a character in Goethe's Faust, a pedantic, narrow-minded scholar.—
233
Werther—hero of Goethe's novel Die Leiden des jungen Werthers.—256