Subject Index

A

Agricultural workers— 280, 284-85, 375,

502, 503 Agriculture—120, 121, 255, 284-85, 335, 401, 502-03 A Ibigenses— 413-14 Anabaptists— 420, 425, 452 Anarchism, anarchists—334, 486-87 Anarchy (political)—131, 142, 486, 522 Ancient Rome—244 Ancient world, antiquity—244, 265, 512,

590 Antagonism—47, 69, 86, 95, 125, 441-43

— of interests — 58, 116 — of classes — 47, 57, 387 — between proletariat and bourgeoisie — 86, 177, 308 — elimination of as a result of communist transformation of society — 307-08, 387 Appropriation

— of means of production — 78 Arbitrariness (in antagonistic class socie-t y)_567-68, 569-70, 577 Aristocracy— 48, 294, 331, 342, 512

— and bourgeoisie — 273, 294 — financial — 48-52, 60, 95, 114-15, 118, 331, 342 — and working class — 294 Aristocracy, English—115, 254-55, 293, 296, 443, 512 Aristocracy, German—see Nobility, German Aristocracy, Hungarian—438-40 Armaments, weapons—400, 403, 556

Arming of the people—284-85 Army

— and economy — 11-12, 550-54 — as a tool of reaction for suppressing revolutionary movements — 118, 130, 580 — under feudalism — 407, 551-52 — under capitalism — 548-50 — and proletariat — 554, 555 — and peasantry — 551, 554, 555 — and bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic revolution — 172, 550, 553, 554 — and proletarian revolution, transformation of armed forces after victory of proletariat — 376, 550, 553-56, 560, 561-63 — revolutionary — 560-63 — national, regular, irregular army, militia — 206, 548, 552, 560 — personnel — 180-81, 544, 547, 549-51, 554-56, 561, 562 — Austrian — 11-12, 15, 173, 268, 547-49, 551, 552-53, 557, 559 — Belgian — 557 — Danish — 375-76, 557 — Dutch — 557 — English — 549, 551 — French — 25, 32, 34, 58, 62, 65, 76, 81, 98, 103, 104, 106, 118, 124, 128, 130, 137, 143-44, 341, 517, 523, 543, 544-46, 549-52, 555, 556, 559-61, 579, 580 — German — 173-74, 178, 180, 192, 551, 557 — Hungarian — 552-53 — of Italian states — 553, 558 — Polish — 507, 508-09 — Prussian — 15, 159-60, 161, 166, 167, 173, 208, 267, 376, 547-54, 557, 558 — Russian — 15, 268, 548, 549, 551, 552, 556-57 — Spanish — 400 Asceticism— 421-23, 428-29

See also Plebeians, plebs Association, communist—78, 281, 285

See also Communism (social formation) Australia— 501, 502, 504, 505, 506 Austria—11-12, 259, 268, 552 — during 1848-49 revolution — 248, 259, 481-82 — finances — 11-12, 14-15, 259 — political system — 11, 115, 248, 259, 526 — and Germany — 7-9, 526 — and Hungary — 8, 369 — and Italian states — 76, 369, 513-14 — and Poland — 8, 50, 369 — and Prussia — 500, 507, 525-28, 583 — and Russia — 8, 527, 528 — and Slavs — 259 — and Western powers (Britain and France)—15,75-76,93,513-14,542 See also Army, Austrian; Bourgeoisie, Austrian; Revolution of 1848-49 in Austria Austro-Italian war of 1848-49 — 16, 93, 547-49, 552-53 See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Austria; Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states

B

Bank, bankers— 49-50, 60-61, 114, 134, 252, 292, 363, 494-96, 508, 586 See also Bank legislation; Bank of England; Bank of France; Credit Bank of England— 252, 494-95 Bank of France— 60-61, 133-34, 508-09 Bank legislation—134, 495-96, 508-09, 512 Bank-notes— 60, 133, 587, 590 Bankruptcy— 49, 52, 59, 60, 495-96 Barricades, barricade fighting—see Uprising, armed

Basis and superstructure—95, 127, 246,

387 Belgium— 374, 393, 394, 401, 434, 492 Blanquism, Blanquists

— as representatives of pre-Marxian revolutionary communism — 97, 127, 319-20, 322, 537, 615 — their voluntaristic attitude — 35, 316 — Société des saisons (Society of the Seasons), mutiny of 1839 — 48, 312, 315, 316, 320 — and Communist League — 377, 484, 614-15 — during 1848 revolution in France —27, 88, 97, 127, 128, 323, 576 — in 1850s — 27, 377, 484, 537-41, 613-15 See also Conspiracy; Voluntarism Blocs and agreements in the revolutionary

struggle of the proletariat— 280-87', 298, 373-74, 376-77 Bohemia, Czechs—414, 415

See also Hussite movement Bonapartism— 80-81, 521, 579-80

See also Revolution of 1848 in France Bourgeoisie— 56, 69-70, 156, 310, 360,

501-02, 577-78, 585, 590 — feudalism — 360 — industrial — 56-57, 275, 288-99, 310, 360 — financial — 48, 50-51, 56-57, 116, 151, 264, 294, 297 — factions of, struggle between them — 49-50, 95, 115-17, 140, 151, 273, 291-94 — and state power — 49, 50, 151, 275, 310, 333, 487 — as a hindrance to historical development — 500 — class struggle with proletariat — see Class struggle — and peasantry — 69, 122, 156, 280;

284 — its theoreticians and ideologists — 48, 72, 96 — and religion — 254, 296 See also Bonapartism; Class, classes; Democracy, bourgeois; Petty bourgeoisie; Revolution, bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic; Society, bourgeois; State, bourgeois Bourgeoisie, Austrian—115, 577 Bourgeoisie, English—116, 254-55, 293, 296, 511-12 — in 16th-18th centuries, alliance with bourgeoisified nobility — 115, 252, 254-55 — and aristocracy — 293, 296 — industrial — 254-55, 292-96, 298, 501-02, 510, 512, 583 — financial — 114-15, 252, 294, 512 — Free Trade — 116, 271, 296, 510, 582 — factions of and struggle between them — 116, 273, 291-94 See also Corn Laws; English bourgeois revolution of 17th century Bourgeoisie, French—56-57, 150, 151, 577

— financial aristocracy (as the big bourgeoisie)—47-52, 53-54, 56-59, 60, 95, 107, 114-18, 125-26, 133, 252, 263, 294, 342, 508, 525 — during the French revolution of 1789-94 — 550 — in first half of 19th century (before 1848-49 revolution)—48-53, 54-55, 56-57, 95, 116-17, 263, 316 Bourgeoisie, German—7, 13, 151, 156, 170, 172, 236, 267, 278-79, 280, 410, 482 See also Burghers, German; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany Bourgeoisie, Prussian—12, 13, 156, 157, 257, 258, 267, 488, 577, 583 Bourgeois political economy—272, 274 Budget (state)—49, 60-61, 115-17, 259 Bundschuh (peasant conspiracies in Germany in 15th-16th centuries)—431-36, 438, 440, 441 Bureaucracy—151, 152, 172, 182, 188, 208, 237, 333, 481, 488, 504, 552 See also Officials Burghers— 405, 407, 408, 409, 410, 413, 414, 416-17, 427, 433, 437, 441, 453, 461, 465, 469, 480, 481, 482, 527 Burghers, German—149, 405-10, 413, 427, 429, 480, 481, 482, 527

C

California—132, 265, 502, 504-07 Canals— 265, 504-06 Capital— 78, 273, 300, 308 Carinthia— 439-40, 475, 476

Carniola— 439-40, 475, 476 Catholicism—124, 254, 416-17, 421, 512 See also Jesuits; Papacy Causality, cause and effect— 115, 121, 135, 142, 253, 254, 417, 480, 481, 482, 490-91, 510, 549, 550, 564 Cavalry—403, 549 Central Bureau of United German Emigration— 373, 619-20 Central Committee of European Democracy (1850s)—373, 528-32, 536, 537, 541 Centralisation of capital—49-50 Chartism— 289, 301, 377, 514-16 Child labour— 274, 288-91 Chiliasm— 415, 420 China— 268, 275, 339, 400 Christianity— 244, 412-18, 422 Church—155, 403-05, 412-15, 422

— burgher and plebeian opposition to feudal church — 412-27 — Anglican — 511, 512, 513 — Catholic — 513 — expropriation of — 415, 416, 479 See also Clergy; Papacy Civilisation— 80, 265-67, 289, 501, 551-54 Civil society—248 Civil war between proletariat and bourgeoisie— 68-69, 70, 142, 522 See also June insurrection of Paris proletariat in 1848 Class, classes— 56, 254, 292, 585, 586, 590 — as product of economic relations — 62, 126, 170, 176, 243, 272 — and industrial revolution — 255, 290, 291 — and production — 96, 127, 470 — class relations — 57, 62, 77, 170, 251, 263 — class interests — 53, 57-58, 68, 80, 95, 116-17, 141,286,290,316,318, 412, 468, 479, 527 — class antagonisms, contradictions— 47, 58, 127, 255, 281, 288, 299, 306, 333, 387, 415, 470, 486, 553, 589, 591 — in feudal society — 402-10, 412-13, 415, 428 — in bourgeois society — 65, 67, 156, 255 — class distinctions between proletariat and bourgeoisie — 57-58, 67, 69, 86, 95, 116-17, 156, 176-77, 255, 288, 299, 307, 481, 486, 529-30 — ruling classes in antagonistic societies — 49, 54-57, 68, 70, 76-79, 95-96, 116, 131, 141, 151, 156,237, 263, 272, 273-76, 278, 281, 307, 310, 425, 428, 451, 470, 486, 487, 522 — intermediate, transitional — 110, 124 — exploiter, propertied, upper — 58, 65, 68, 122, 243, 283, 294, 307, 331, 340 — conservative, reactionary — 172, 190, 274, 292-93, 297 — middle classes, strata, and estates in bourgeois society — 64-65, 69, 78, 99, 108, 125-26, 151, 329 — lower, exploited, propertyless, oppressed — 67-68, 122, 243, 307, 310, 333, 530-31 — revolutionary — 56, 57, 82, 87, 96-99, 125, 127, 190, 225, 237, 277, 297, 429 — proletariat's coming to power— 237, 276, 280, 286, 300, 387 — and the state — 66, 253, 331, 486 — and religion — 254, 272, 412, 513 — abolition of classes and class distinctions in communist society— 127, 280, 299, 333, 387, 486, 553-54 See also Aristocracy; Bourgeoisie; Craftsmen, handicrafts; Nobility; Peasantry; Petty bourgeoisie; Working class Class struggle— 56, 67-68, 127, 243, 412, 470, 529-30 — in feudal society — 412, 428-29, 432-33, 481 — and religious struggle as reflection of class struggle in Middle Ages— 412, 428 — between proletariat and bourgeoisie — 56-57, 64, 67-68, 169-70, 243, 387, 428-29, 529-30, 634 — as political struggle — 412 — and revolution — 56, 67, 178, 390, 412, 529-30 — classes and class struggle during transition period from capitalism to socialism — 127, 553, 614

See also Chartism; Revolution, proletarian, socialist; Working-class movement Clergy—102, 118, 272, 274, 404-05, 407, 479 — place of in social hierarchy of feudal society— 118, 272, 274,404, 409, 451, 478, 480 — as representative of ideology of feudalism — 155, 272, 402-05, 412-14, 415 — lesser — 405, 441 — in bourgeois society — 118, 274 — and lay education — 22-23, 262, 404, 412 See also Church; Papacy Communism (social formation), communist transformation of society — prospects of proletarian revolution and building communism — 70, 116-17 — material prerequisites for communist transformation of society — 56-57, 266, 299, 429, 500 — international character of communist transformation of society — 56, 70, 116-17, 281, 553 — transition period from capitalism to communism (socialism)—127, 275, 281, 298-99, 300, 331, 553, 614 — abolition of private ownership of means of production — 78, 281, 331, 422, 553 — production — 268, 501-02, 553-54 — labour — 299, 553, 554 — social relations, social system — 127, 281, 298, 387, 422 — elimination of class distinctions, classless society — 127, 281, 297, 331, 385,420,484, 551-52 — communist transformation of society and the state — 57-58, 281-87, 302, 333, 422, 486 — social consciousness — 127, 387 See also Dictatorship of the proletariat; Revolution, proletarian, socialist Communism, scientific—127, 277, 387 Communism, Utopian, of Münzer—409, 413, 414, 422, 423, 432, 461 Communist League

— fundamental principles, documents — 127, 277, 281-86, 387, 626, 627 — tactical principles — 280-86, 374-77, 469-70 — organisational principles, Rules— 277, 372, 374-76, 626, 627, 634-37 — during 1848-49 revolution — 224-26, 277-78, 371 — after defeat of 1848-49 révolu- . tion — 277-86, 349-52, 371-77,483-85, 535-37, 596-601, 608-23, 630-37 — struggle against Willich-Schapper sectarian group — 483, 484, 535-36, 625-29, 633 — and workers' educational societies — 376, 483, 535-36 — and petty-bourgeois democracy — 3-4, 277-86, 345-47, 372-74 — its communities — 277-78, 371, 374, 375, 376-77, 626, 633 Communist party—see Party, proletarian Community

— village or peasant — 409, 451, 478, 480 — urban — 406-07 — and the state — 177, 280, 285 — disintegration of under capitalism — 285 — in Ireland — 569 — in Scotland — 567-69 — in Switzerland — 177, 286 Consciousness— 69-70, 127, 244, 275, 387, 487 Conspiracy— 314-21, 322 See also Blanquism, Blanquists Constitution, bourgeois—77, 78, 85-86, 101, 130, 141, 157, 237, 257, 522, 526, 567-80 See also Democracy, bourgeois; Parliament; State Contradiction— 58, 68, 85, 238, 248, 255, 288, 292, 306, 322, 330, 333, 553 — between productive forces and production relations — 135, 510 — class — 58, 238, 255, 281, 288, 298, 306, 333, 415, 470, 486, 554 — between labour and capital — 300 — contradictory theories, views — 79, 514-15, 577-78 — elimination of social contradictions as a result of communist transformation of society — 281, 298, 300, 553-54 Corn Laws, repeal of— 34, 52,-264, 273,

274, 275, 293, 296, 307, 340, 502, 510-12, 515 Corvée—120, 403-04, 409, 451 Counter-revolution—70, 89, 101, 107-08,

110, 132, 151, 239, 279 Courts, judiciary system—274, 409

— feudal — 404, 409, 412, 447, 448, 451 — in bourgeois society — 74, 79, 156, 258, 274-75, 317, 577 — military — 347, 568, 569 Craftsmen, handicrafts—293, 400, 408, 429, 466, 485, 584 Credit— 49, 59, 60-62, 74, 363, 364, 365, 503 See also Banks, bankers; Bank of England; Bank of France Crusades—439 Cult of heroes, of genius— 245, 246, 302, 306-08 Cult of nature—244-45

D

Danish-Prussian war of 1848-50 — 395-94, 507, 511, 526-27 Day labourers—407, 408 See_also Farm-labourers Democracy (political and state system)—280, 442-43, 580 Democracy, bourgeois

— as form of dictatorship of bourgeoisie — 280, 282-83 — illusory character of bourgeois-democratic order — 78-79, 567-79 — as political trend — 285, 577-78 Democracy, petty-bourgeois (movement)

—81-82, 98-104, 163-64, 169, 190, 225, 279-87, 372, 373 Demography—see Population Denmark— 392-94

See also Schleswig-Holstein question Despotism, military; dictatorship, military — 8, 10, 11, 25, 76, 107, 124, 154-55 See also Bonapartism Development— 68, 97, 288, 299, 306,413,

553

— of productive forces — 135, 263-66, 292, 295, 299, 429, 509-10, 554 — social — 156, 297-99, 553 — and class struggle — 69, 288 Dictatorship, bourgeois— 67, 77, 122, 123,

125, 131, 577-78 Dictatorship of the proletariat

— historical necessity and tasks of — 69, 237, 275-76, 281, 293, 298, 300, 387 — as the state in transition period from capitalism to socialism — 127, 614 — state centralisation of industry — 281, 300 — role and significance of proletarian party — 634 — and abolition of classes-—127, 281, 387 — and peasantry — 122, 284-85 — use of the term "dictatorship of the proletariat"—69, 122, 127, 387, 614 See also Communism (social formation); Party, proletarian; Revolution, proletarian, socialist; Working class Dictatorship, revolutionary-democratic— 122, 283, 286 See also Jacobin dictatorship, Jacobins Division of labour—120, 316, 404, 591

E

Economic crises—135, 234, 264-65, 275, 294, 299, 490, 500, 509, 584, 586, 589 — overproduction as basic phenomenon of — 264-65, 275, 338-39, 490-91, 493-94, 501-02, 584, 585 — in industry and other branches of economy — 52, 58-60, 263-64, 296-97, 338, 340, 341, 492-93,495, 497-98, 585, 587 — forecasting of — 263-65, 275, 296-97, 340, 501 — periodical character of (industrial cycles)—134, 275, 294, 296-97, 299, 497, 501 — prosperity as phase of cycle — 134, 135, 263-64, 272, 296, 297, 299, 490-91, 497, 499, 500, 502, 503, 507-10 — depression — 134, 339, 490, 509 — and condition of working people — 134, 273, 275-76, 296, 297, 509 — and prospects of revolution — 52,

59, 134-35, 264, 265, 275, 299, 340-41, 497, 503, 510 — crisis of 1846-47^52-53, 263-64, 491-97 Economic laws— 295-96, 305-08, 502 Education— 307, 404, 412 Electoral system (in bourgeois state)—294,

577 Emancipation—549-50, 553-54 Emancipation of working class—57, 276,

298, 360, 363, 553 — as workers' own task — 275 — and petty bourgeoisie, peasantry —27-28 — and struggle for national independence in Europe — 369 See also Revolution, proletarian, socialist Emigration— 378-79, 385-86, 392, 533, 596-97, 598 — bourgeois-democraçic, petty-bourgeois — 372-74, 528-32 — proletarian — 378, 386, 485, 597-601, 608-10, 617-19 — German — 15-16, 196-97, 226, 240, 260, 349-53, 370, 372-74, 376-79, 381-86, 390-91, 504, 506, 520-22, 533-34, 596-601, 608-10, 612-13, 616-23, 631-33, 637 — Hungarian — 240, 376, 385 — Italian — 385 England—116, 251-56, 272-73, 293-94, 297-98 — population — 298 — Irish immigration — 309 — Wars of the Roses — 443 — in 16th century, Reformation— 254 — in 17th century — 252, 273-74 — coup d'état of 1688 (Glorious Revolution)—252-54 — in 18th century — 253, 291-92 — industrial revolution — 254, 292-94 — as leading capitalist country of 19th century, its industrial monopoly in world market — 56, 116, 134, 254, 255, 265, 293-94, 295, 509 — in first half of 19th century (before 1848)—292, 491-92, 500 — in 1848 — 58, 263, 338-39, 496 — after 1849, industrial and commercial boom — 263, 264, 272-73, 296, 299, 338, 339, 401, 497, 498-503, 507-09 — industry — 253, 254, 263, 272-73, 288, 291, 293, 297, 335, 339, 492, 498-501 — finances — 252 — transport — 273, 295, 491, 492, 494, 496-97, 498 — towns — 443, 503 — landownership, agriculture — 254, 335, 443, 493, 502-03 — trade — 134, 264, 295, 296, 340, 509 — economic crises — 52, 132, 134, 135, 264, 295, 296, 338-40, 359, 491-94, 496, 509 — classes, class struggle — 255, 273, 274-75, 412 — social and political system — 251-56, 272-73, 274-75, 292, 293, 295-96, 379, 382, 511-12, 572 — Parliament — 252-53, 255, 510 — legislation — 34, 63, 264, 272-300, 310 — electoral system — 255, 292-95, 298, 310, 340 — ruling classes' political parties — 125, 292, 340, 510, 512 — bourgeois-democratic movements in England — 116, 251, 264, 273. 291-92, 293-97, 298, 511-12, 612 — revolutionary movements and prospects of revolution — 255, 264, 299 — science, literature — 302, 513-14 — religion, church — 254,414, 512-13 — colonial policy — 265, 266, 295, 491, 505-07, 512-13 — foreign policy — 56, 76, 252, 259-60, 379, 382 — and Austria and other European states — 76, 252, 260, 340, 394, 511, 514 — and USA — 501-02 — and Central Europe — 394 See also Aristocracy, English; Army, English; Bourgeoisie, English; Chartism; Corn Laws; Labour movement in England; Petty bourgeoisie, English; Tories; Whigs; Working class in England English bourgeois revolution of 17th century— 252-55, 429 English philosophy—252

Epoch— 99, 301-02, 306, 411, 478, 517,

542, 549, 551 Equality

— as demand of masses in Middle Ages — 413-15, 422, 428-29, 438-39, 471 — as demand of bourgeoisie — 567 — bourgeois — 589 — as understood by Utopian socialists and Utopian communists — 422-23 — as interpreted by Christian religion — 413-15, 471 Estates, social—118-19, 431, 444, 586, 588-89, 591 — in feudal society and under preservation of feudal survivals — 151, 402-05, 409-12, 431, 437, 441 — burghers — 149 — nobility — 406, 442, 443-44 — knights — 403, 479 — clergy — 402-05, 413, 479 — princes,—480 — peasantry — 461 — judiciary — 404 — assembly of estates, representation of estates — 402, 431, 527 — tiers état (third estate)—76 — and bourgeois revolution — 101 Europe— 237, 358-59, 360, 363, 393,

394, 482, 554 — prospects of revolution during reaction (after 1848-49)—16, 70, 116-17, 134, 252, 279, 340, 369, 377 See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe Exploitation—272

— pre-capitalist forms — 272, 292 — usurious — 57, 122, 361 — capitalist — 57, 121-22, 272, 288-89, 293, 295-96, 361 — of labour-power by capital — 271-72, 273-74, 276-93 — of female and child labour — 288, 291 — of peasants — 57, 121-22 — of petty bourgeoisie — 57 — attempts at justification of by ideologists of propertied classes— 272 See also Child labour; Female labour; Ten Hours' Bill; Wage labour; Women's question; Working day F

Family and marriage—106, 118, 130, 567

Farm labourers—375

See also Agriculture; Agricultural workers; Day labourers Female labour — 245, 274, 288-91 Feudalism

— agriculture as key branch of production — 401 — division of labour, handicrafts, trade — 265, 266, 400, 401, 403, 404, 408, 429, 465 — taxation — 330-31 — feudal hierarchy, feudal privileges —402-03, 407, 419, 443 — military system, feudatory system — 402-03, 404, 551-52 — legal system, lawyers — 403-04, 406, 409-10, 412 — classes, class struggle — 402-10, 412-13, 415, 428, 481 — feudal lords, nobility, aristocracy, knights — 403, 404, 443 — bourgeoisie — 406-07 — origin of proletariat — 408, 409, 422, 461 — vagrancy and laws of 13th-16th centuries — 407-08, 433, 478 — science, education, invention— 400, 412 — ideology, world outlook — 404 — religion, church, clergy — 403-06, 412, 414, 512-13 — origin of capitalist relations, decay and collapse of feudalism — 120, 155, 284-85, 407, 408, 414, 419, 461, 471 — survivals of feudalism — 173-74, 280, 307, 550, 551 See also Burghers; Estates, social; Guilds; Middle Ages; Peasantry; Plebeians, plebs; Serfdom; Society, feudal;

Town, medieval; Village Flagellants—414 Foreign trade— 259, 265, 268, 401, 504-05 See also Trade, commerce; World market Fragmentation of land, parcellation—120,

121, 155, 254, 262, 335, 336, 503, 514, 551 — small-plot peasants — 550,551,552

France—18-19, 54-55, 120, 544, 553, 554, ,555, 563 — formation of French nation, national character — 133, 329, 410, 507, 508, 561 — economy — 50, 52, 59-60, 115, 116-17, 118-22, 125, 132-34, 254-55, 329, 492, 507-09 — taxation — 17-18, 117-19, 121-23, 133, 262, 327-29, 509 — social and political system — 443 — state apparatus — 115-16 — classes, class relations — 116-17, 412 — in Middle Ages (up to 17th century)—130, 328, 402, 413, 443 — in 17th-18th centuries — 118-19, 252, 253, 254 — French Revolution of 18th century —see French revolution of 1789-94 — during Thermidorian reaction and Directory — 22-23, 122 — during Consulate and First Empire — 52, 118-19, 155, 329 — during Restoration (1815-30)—22-23, 61, 95, 114-15, 118-19, 122, 124, 128-29, 263, 316 — July revolution of 1830 — 54, 55, 68-69, 294, 316, 578 — July monarchy (1830-48)—49-52, 54-55, 57-58, 60, 66, 95, 108, 114-15,117-18,124,131,251,252, 253, 294, 354-59, 360, 364 — economic development in 1830-48 — 49, 50, 52-53, 56-57, 59, 60, 357-58, 492, 496-97, 508 — internal policy of July monarchy — 50-53, 320-21 — Chamber of Deputies — 48-50 — bourgeois liberals (dynastic opposition)—48, 53, 116 — bourgeois republicans (National party)—53, 72, 76, 95, 316 — petty-bourgeois democrats (Réforme party)—53, 316, 320, 322 — republicans, their insurrections in 1830s — 48, 315-17, 320 — political crisis of 1846-47 — 51-53, 321-22 — foreign policy of July monarchy — 51-52 — and other European states — 51, 52, 155, 156, 252, 546-47 See also Bourgeoisie, French; June insurrection of Paris proletariat in 1848; Petty bourgeoisie, French; Revolution of 1848 in France. Second Republic; Socialism, socialists in France; Uprisings of Lyons weavers in 1831 and 1834; Working class in France; Working-class movement in France Franconia—426, 452, 468, 471,472,473, 475 Fraternal Democrats—637 Freedom, its illusory nature in bourgeois society — 333, 530, 567-70, 572, 577-78, 591 — right of assembly and association — 90-91, 569, 577-78 — use of bourgeois-democratic free-doms by working class and masses — 79, 275-76, 298 Freedom of trade—116, 271-73, 295-96,

298, 307 See also Corn Laws; Manchester school Freemasons— 306 French revolution of 1789-94 — 68-69, 253-54, 285, 327-29, 412, 549-50 — abolition of feudal landownership and feudal obligations — 61, 120, 439-40 — and bourgeoisie — 68-69, 549-50 — role of masses — 555 — and peasantry — 21-22, 61, 364, 549-50 — and embryonic proletariat — 554 — revolutionary wars — 542, 543, 544-47, 549-50, 555, 556, 560-61 — Convention — 94, 103, 285, 542, 544-47 — counter-revolutionary mutinies, Vendée — 130-31, 543, 544, 563 — terror — 22, 105 — and counter-revolutionary European powers — 155-56, 242, 254-55, 479, 542 See also Girondists; Jacobin dictatorship, Jacobins

G

Genoa—265 German Confederation (1815-66)—393, 527, 557

— Federal Diet — 7, 258, 525-26 Germanic tribes—244, 443 - German philosophy— 248, 422, 487-89

See also Hegel, Hegelianism German Workers' Society in Brussels—374 German Workers' Educational Society in

London (1840-1918)—42, 226, 370, 374, 483, 533-36, 598-602, 610, 618,

623, 626, 630, 633 German Workers' Society in Paris (1840s

and 1850s)—631 Germany— 242, 243, 246, 392, 394, 395,

410, 411, 478, 480, 487-88 — in Middle Ages — 399-482 — and French revolution of 1789-94 and Napoleonic wars — 155, 156, 242, 412, 479 — survivals of feudalism — 155, 285, 551 — oppositional movement in early 19th century — 150, 157 — fragmentation of country and task of its unification — 8, 258-59, 347, 395, 401-02, 411, 432, 442, 455, 461, 480-82, 528 — industry — 155-56, 170, 176, 246, 400, 401, 403, 411, 479, 480, 507 — handicrafts — 248, 400, 406, 485 — guilds — 155, 406-07 — transport — 155-56, 401 — agriculture and agricultural relations — 155, 401, 479 — finance, taxation — 13, 402-04, 405-06, 409, 414 — trade — 155-56, 176, 339-40, 400-02,406,411,479,480,507 — estates, classes — 402 — princes — 7, 402-03, 404-05, 409, 410, 414, 415-19, 421, 435,441-45, 447, 449, 478-82, 526 — bureaucracy — 151, 152, 172, 182, 187, 188, 237, 280, 406, 409, 48T — clergy — 155, 402-07, 409, 410, 415, 417, 419, 442, 478-80 — craftsmen — 177, 280, 403, 407, 408, 481, 485 — intelligentsia — 224 — philistinism — 175, 179, 187, 188, 192, 242, 243, 246, 417 — political system — 285, 419, 481 — legislation, court — 7, 13, 409, 450-51 — bourgeois liberalism of 1840s — 13, 152, 157, 159, 278, 279, 407, 415, 416, 418, 488, 489, 525, 596 — democrats, democratic movement — 8, 149-50, 225, 258, 279-86, 345, 372, 408, 486-87, 536, 595, 605 — prospects and character of revolution in Germany in 1850s — 8, 13, 16, 279, 302, 394, 482, 553-54 — religion and church — 155, 405, 412-19, 422, 441, 478, 479 — education — 404 — press, press legislation, reactionary censorship — 7, 388, 487-89 — literature — 177, 246, 302, 441, 489 — and Austria — 7-8, 10 — and Denmark — 393-94 — and England — 340 — and Prussia — 7-8, 10, 16, 526 — and Russia — 259, 260 — and Switzerland — 177, 268-69 See also Bourgeoisie, German; Peasants, German; Petty bourgeoisie, German; Prussia; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany; Working class in Germany; Working-class movement in Germany Girondists— 544 Gold, discovery of in Australia and California — 265, 504-05 Gotha Party (Germany, 1849)—525, 526 Government securities—49, 60 Greece—511

Guilds—155, 400, 406-08, 465-66, 550

H

Hanseatic League—400 Hegel, Hegelianism—248, 267, 302, 422, 487-89, 530 Heresy, heretics— 413-16, 418-20, 423-

24 See also Albigenses; Anabaptists; Flagellants; Lollards; Taborites; Waldenses Hesse— 469, 471-73 Hesse-Cassel— 507, 526-28 Historiography

— as expression of ideology of ruling classes — 307, 471 — idealistic background of before Marx — 251, 255-56, 306, 411

— bourgeois, in 19th century — 253-58, 285, 301, 310, 428, 471 — petty-bourgeois (democratic and socialist)—221, 247-50 History—126, 255, 271, 306, 311, 399, 413, 485, 489 Holy Alliance—14, 15, 16, 28, 369, 392, 394 Holy Roman Empire of the German nation

(962-1806)- 7, 155, 402, 405, 406, 415, 442, 481 Hungary — 8, 394, 433, 438-39, 482

— national liberation war of 1848-49 — 97, 101, 152, 162, 190, 196, 200, 547-48 See also Peasant war in Hungary under leadership of Dôzsa (1514); Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary Huns — 244 Hussite movement—413-15, 420, 428 See also Taborites

I

Ideas—127, 387, 411, 427, 470, 489 Ideology (as an idealistic conception of reality)—411 Imm igration— 5 04 Industrial exhibition of 1851 in London— 499-500 Industrial revolution—293 Industry, capitalist — 288-89, 295, 404, 408, 490-91 — and social progress — 238, 299, 300, 485, 500-01, 554 — and exploitation of female and child labour — 288-89 — and science — 245 — and trade — 116-17, 264, 265, 295 — and agriculture — 254-55 — and taxes — 330, 331, 335 — and classes, class struggle — 237-38, 299-300 — and political supremacy of bourgeoisie — 293-94 — development of as a material pre-requisite of communist transformation of society — 266, 299-300 500-01, 554 Inquisition—109 Instruments of production—121, 273, 554 Insurance— 329, 330 Ireland— 292, 327, 492, 512 Italy— 254, 265, 316, 394, 401, 413, 514,

547

See also Austro-Italian war of 1848-49; Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states

J

Jacobin dictatorship, Jacobins—57-58, 81-

82, 103, 156, 275, 285, 545 Jesuits—118, 124, 128 July monarchy—see France, July monarchy July revolution in France—see France, July

Revolution of 1830 June insurrection of Paris proletariat in

1848 — 25, 34, 57, 67-70, 71, 93, 98-100, 106, 149, 237, 356, 362, 368-69, 390 — causes of — 66-70, 87, 104, 368 — heroism of working class — 67 — and petty bourgeoisie, petty-bourgeois democrats — 27, 57, 68, 69, 71, 74-76, 98, 106, 322-23, 366 — and peasantry — 57, 69, 368 — role of National and Mobile Guards in suppression of — 67-68, 76, 97 — establishment of military dictatorship of Cavaignac, bourgeois reprisals against insurgents — 68, 71, 108, 261-62, 368, 568, 578 — its defeat and strengthening of European counter-revolution — 70, 368, 369 — and proletarian press — 68-69 Jurisprudence, lawyers—272, 296, 404,

412

See also Chartism; Luddism Labour productivity—553-56 Labour time under communism—299-300 Land, as instrument of production — 120-21 Landed property—120-21, 191, 254, 264, 284, 294, 327, 335-36, 443, 461, 503, 515 Law—122, 125, 136, 156, 280, 328, 404-05, 517 — and communist transformation of society — 57-58 See also Jurisprudence, lawyers; Legislation Legislation— 86, 107, 155, 274, 322, 409, 569 See also Law; Napoleonic code Liberalism— 73, 83, 159, 278-79, 407, 595 Literature— 299-300, 310, 489

— folklore — 149, 203 — American — 312 — Ancient Greek — 258 — English — 206, 300 — French — 135, 137, 138-39, 203 — German — 242, 245-46, 301, 302, 441 — Italian — 413 — Spanish — 63 Loans (state)—11, 15, 49-50 Lollards—414 Lombardy—93, 514 London— 265, 294, 401, 506 Luddism—292 Lumpenproletariat—51, 62, 165, 168, 317, 358, 365, 407-08 Lutheranism— 411-20, 423-27, 441-42,

446

See also Protestantism; Reformation

K

Knights— 246, 402-04, 438, 442 Knights' insurrections of 1522-23 in Germany— 442-45, 481

Labour aristocracy—295-96, 513-14 Labour movement in England—288, 292, 293, 294, 298

M

Man, individual, person—99, 148-49, 245, 305-06, 333, 469-70, 486, 523-24, 562 Manchester school—271

See also Bourgeoisie, English, Free Trade Market— 295, 503-04

See also Foreign trade; Trade, commerce; World market Mazzinism, Mazzinists—513-14, 529, 532 Means of communication—266, 411, 504-

07, 553 See also Railways Mexico—132, 260, 507 Middle Ages — 412-13 See also Feudalism Military art, military science—154, 403,

543, 545, 550-56 See also Army Monarchy— 65-67, 114, 443

— absolute — 77, 237, 248, 253, 267, 279, 412, 419, 443, 481, 512, 552 — constitutional (bourgeois)—54, 57, 65, 66-67, 70, 114, 131, 251-56, 269, 413, 443 — based on social estates — 253, 443 — and religion — 412 Monasteries, monks—405, 407, 413

See also Church; Clergy Monetary system—587, 588, 589 Money as means of circulation—11-12, 584, 586, 587, 590 — metal (gold, silver)—11, 587, 590 Mortgage (in bourgeois society)—57, 120-22, 158, 502 — and working-class party programme — 97, 190 See also Usurious capital Mühlhausen— 424, 469-73, 480 Mysticism—see Religion, mysticism, religious

N

Napoleonic code (Code Napoleon)—155 Napoleonic wars— 260, 545, 547, 548,

550, 555, 560 Nation— 51, 237, 356, 394, 406, 411,

480, 500, 561, 626 National debt— 49, 60, 115, 116, 252,

286, 526 Needs— 69, 255, 266, 401, 403-05, 410,

414, 442

— of bourgeoisie — 255 — of proletariat — 69 — and revolution — 69, 266 — under communism — 266 Netherlands— 394, 400, 492, 499, 506 Neue Rheinische Zeitung—5, 68, 156, 171,

181, 187, 202, 351, 388, 605

See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany New York— 265, 506 Nineteenth century—501 Nobility—125, 155, 414, 442-43 See also Aristocracy; Feudalism; Nobility (in different countries) Nobility, German—151, 152, 155, 172, 237, 404, 410 — in Middle Ages, knights — 401-06, 409, 410, 433, 442-45, 479, 480 — and Reformation — 415-17, 431, 434, 437-38, 441-45, 447, 448,451, 452, 454-55, 461-62, 478-81 — in 1850s — 7 — and bourgeoisie — 237 — and peasantry — 443-44, 445 See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany Nobility, Italian—548 Nobility, Polish—443, 444

O

Officials—118-19, 409, 575-76 See also Bureaucracy

P

Pacific Ocean— 265, 266r 499, 504, 505 Panama—265 Pantheism—305, 421 Papacy— 92, 405, 413, 480, 513-14 Paris— 24, 52-53, 316, 359, 564 Parliament (in the bourgeois state)—118,

123 See also England Party, political— 53, 97-99, 163, 263, 372,

427, 441-42, 469-70, 525, 530 — party point of view — 530 Party, proletarian— 279, 280, 320, 345-46, 354, 371, 394 — vanguard role of — 227, 280, 416 — necessity of organising proletariat into independent political party— 282 — as necessary condition for victory of proletarian revolution — 634 — programme demand of socialisa-tion of means of production — 78 — tactics — 280-86 — and masses — 374-76 — and petty-bourgeois democracy —280-83, 286, 374 — party discipline — 635 — propaganda, agitation — 634 — party point of view — 530 See also Communist League Patriotic War of i8/?(Russia) —260, 546,

550-51 Peasantry

— in feudal society — 409-10, 414, 478, 488

— and usury — 57, 121, 122, 282 — in bourgeois-democratic revolution — 57, 61, 80, 96, 119, 123, 150, 262, 284, 482, 515 — under capitalism — 122 — sluggishness of — 134, 245, 263, 509 — and bourgeoisie — 69, 122, 156, 280, 284 — and working class and working-class movement; as ally of proletariat — 29-30, 57, 69, 96, 122, 125, 285, 361 — and proletarian revolution and proletarian state — 57, 122, 285 Peasants, French— 49, 52, 54, 78, 80, 118-23, 125, 134, 263, 264, 286, 335,. 509, 551 — during French revolution of 1789-94 — 80, 120, 155, 284, 550 — and 1848 revolution — see Revolution of 1848 in France. Second Republic Peasants, German—13, 177, 190, 280, 409-10, 429, 478-79 — in Middle Ages — 401,402-06, 408-10, 414-19,425,427,429,431,441, 446, 447, 459, 461-62, 465, 466, 469, 478, 479, 480-81, 482 — serf peasants and bondsmen —402-04, 409, 410, 415, 478 — liberation from serf bondage —282, 444, 446-47, 451, 461 — agricultural workers, farm-labourers — 280, 375 — and nobility — 403-04, 443-44, 447, 449, 454 — and bourgeoisie — 280, 437, 481 — and working-class party — 375-76 — peasant movements — 410, 415, 428-29, 430-38, 439-40, 441

See also Peasant War in Germany in 1524-25 Peasants, Swiss—127-28, 129, 221 Peasant War in Germany in 1524-25 — 399, 405-08, 409-10, 411-19, 425-28, 431, 439-40, 441, 442,444-45, 446, 448, 451-52, 459, 461, 468, 469-71, 478-82 — causes of — 402,403,404,405,406, 409-10, 428, 468, 475 — peasants' demands, Twelve Articles — 446, 447, 448, 450, 451, 461, 475 — radical wing of peasant-plebeian movement — 405, 407, 408, 409, 410,411,413,414,415,416,417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 424, 425, 427, 432, 441, 451, 461, 465-66, 468 — and burghers, Heilbronn programme — 406, 407, 408, 411, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 424, 425, 426, 427, 441, 460, 461, 465, 471, 479 — in Swabia and Franconia — 426, 432, 440, 446-68, 469, 471, 472, 473, 475 — in Thuringia — 408, 418, 421, 423, 425, 426, 452, 469, 471, 473, 475 — in Alpine lands of Austria — 475-77 — repressive terror — 419, 425, 448, 453, 460, 462, 463, 464, 465, 469, 472, 474, 476 — causes of failure, consequences, lessons — 399, 401, 410, 413, 429, 435, 447, 450, 454, 455, 458, 459-60,461,462,465,466,476,478-82 Peasant war in Hungary under leadership of Dôzsa— 433, 437-40, 482 Petty bourgeoisie—150, 177, 361

— in feudal society — 246 — in bourgeois society — 28, 30-31, 57, 79, 126, 361 — and bourgeoisie — 151 — in bourgeois-democratic revolution — 119-20, 150-51, 164-66, 178, 280-87, 408 — and peasantry — 150-51, 176, 280, 284 — and working class, working-class socialist movement — 27, 30-31, 56, 69, 71, 96, 103, 125, 150-51, 176, 287, 361 — as proletariat's ally — 30-31, 57, 69, 96, 125, 150-51, 281, 282 — and proletarian revolution — 27-28, 30-31, 57 — world outlook — 30-31, 126, 177, 292 See also Democracy, petty-bourgeois Petty bourgeoisie, English—150, 151, 292,

514 Petty bourgeoisie, French—49, 51, 100,

103-07, 110, 116, 117, 120-21, 124, 135-37, 144, 150, 151, 263, 279, 316, 507, 516-17, 525 Petty bourgeoisie, German—149-50, 156, 176-79, 237, 246, 277, 279-87, 408, 410, 481, 527-28 Philanthropy— 78, 272, 298, 415, 419 Philistinism— 246, 429, 529 Philosophy— 267, 272, 412, 413

See also English philosophy; German philosophy; Hegel, Hegelianism Pietism, pietists— 165 Plebeians, plebs (in Middle Ages)—266,

399, 405, 407-08, 414-18, 422, 426-27, 432-33, 434, 435, 441, 457, 478, 480 — as predecessors of proletariat — 408, 415, 422 — plebeian asceticism — 428-29 See also Asceticism; Pre-proletariat Poland, Polish question—8, 15, 58, 196, 394, 442, 443 Political struggle — 5, 150, 412, 470, 634 Poor Konrad (peasant alliance in Germany in 16th century)—431, 433, 436-38, 440 Poor Laws— 294, 310 See also Workhouses Population—401, 554-55 Portugal— 254, 270 Preconditions—305-08

— of proletarian revolution — 553 Pre-proletariat— 408, 409, 414-15, 422,

461, 470-71 See also Plebeians, plebs Press, the — 5, 137, 518

— reactionary laws on; censorship of — 14, 39-40, 107, 136-38, 517, 518-19, 568-69, 571 — freedom of — 14, 57, 125, 569, 577 — bourgeois — 503 — democratic — 150 — proletarian — see Neue Rheinische Zeitung

Principles—577-78 Private property—137, 285, 517

— transformation of feudal property into bourgeois — 56-57 — feudal — 284 — bourgeois (capitalist) — 57, 96, 118, 330-31, 414-15, 531-32, 567 — abolition of as condition for emancipation of proletariat — 78, 92, 130, 281, 286, 300, 331, 387, 422, 553 — and theories of bourgeois and petty-bourgeois economists — 286, 330, 331, 336, 415, 422, 531-32 Production—49, 96, 115, 118, 127, 266, 273, 553, 555 — and social intercourse — 96, 266, 470, 475 — and social relations, social system — 96, 127, 363 — and classes — 96, 127, 470 — and the state — 49 — and military science — 552-55 — and social consciousness — 470 — spiritual production — 118 — and social revolution — 266, 363, 509-10 — under communism — 266, 501 See also Instruments of production; Production relations; Productive forces Production relations—59, 470, 510

— and classes, class struggle — 127, 387 — and the state, political relations — 127, 387 — and forms of social consciousness — 127, 387 — contradictions between them and productive forces as basis of proletarian revolution — 135, 510 — in bourgeois society — 55-56, 59, 78, 127, 387, 510 — and proletariat, communist transformation of society — 56, 59, 127, 387, 510 See also Basis and superstructure Productive forces—135, 264-66, 286, 292, 295, 299, 429, 510, 554 — and classes — 281, 292 — under feudalism — 479 — under capitalism — 135, 255, 264-65, 286, 292, 295, 299,429, 500-01, 510 — contradictions between them and production relations under capitalism — 135, 295, 299, 510 — contradictions between them and production relations as basis of proletarian revolution — 135, 510 — development of as material precondition of communist transformation of society — 266, 299, 429, 500 — under communism — 266,281,286 Progress— 292-93, 297, 300, 404, 418,

461, 482, 485 Proletariat—see Working class Property— 56, 78, 336, 422, 517

See also Private property Protectionism— 57, 116, 252, 295-96 Protestantism—253-55, 415-20, 441-42 See also Church; Lutheranism; Reformation Proudhonism— 487, 508, 541, 585, 588 Prussia

— and French revolution of 1789-94__155( 156 — 1815-early 1848 — 277 — in 1850 — 7-9, 12-13, 14-16, 267-68, 583 — industry — 526 — railways — 15, 155 — finances, budget, taxation — 14-15, 259, 267-68, 526 — trade — 155 — agriculture and agrarian relations — 155-56 — political system and constitution — 14, 237-38, 248, 267-68, 526 — bureaucracy — 12, 208-09, 237, 488, 552 — nobility, aristocracy — 12, 583 — law, legal procedure — 9, 12-13, 157, 257 — foreign policy — 7-9, 268, 269-70, 369, 382, 527 — and Austria — 499-500, 507, 525-28, 583 — and England — 252 — and France — 16, 252, 268 — and Germany — 7-9, 10, 16, 526-27 — and Poland — 51 — and Russia — 3, 8, 528 See also Army, Prussian; Danish-Prussian war of 1848-5&; Germany; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany;

Working-class movement in Germany Prussian-Swiss conflict over Neuchâtel—15-16, 260, 261

Q

Quantity and quality—592

R

Radicalism, radicals—330 Railways— 50, 155, 338, 491, 506, 554,

558 Reform— 80, 261, 298, 330, 331, 513-16

— and revolution, permanent revolution — 285-86 Reformation— 254, 412, 413, 481, 482 See also Lutheranism; Protestantism Reformation in Germany—411-27, 441-46, 469-72, 475, 476, 478-83 Reformers, bourgeois and petty-bourgeois— 101, 110, 126, 310, 419, 424 Religion— 94, 98, 118, 130, 244, 272, 412-14, 417, 421-22, 512-13 — in slave-owning society — 244 — in feudal society — 411-15, 512 — in bourgeois society — 94, 98, 118, 253-54 — and science, philosophy — 412 — mysticism, religious — 413, 414-15, 420, 441 — history and significance of criticism of — 421-22 — deification of nature — 245, 246 See also Sects, religious Rent of land—120, 409, 443, 586, 589 Republican movement—70, 71, 74-75, 78,

79, 107, 110, 315, 316 Republic, bourgeois— 56-57, 67-68, 69, 71, 74-75, 79-81, 87-89, 91, 97-98, 101-03, 111, 114-15, 123, 131, 139, 177-78, 253-54, 261-62, 413, 503, 519

— parliamentary — 103, 106, 110, 113-14, 122, 123, 129-31 — federative — 177, 279, 285, 482 — and class struggle — 66-68, 69, 516 — and working class, working-class movement — 56-58, 65, 66, 67, 69, 131, 252, 285-86, 313 — and peasantry — 82-83, 121-23 — and universal suffrage — 56, 57, 67-68 See also Democracy, bourgeois; France;

Revolution of 1848 in France. Second Republic; Switzerland Republic, social, social-democratic (demand

for)—109, 122, 579 Reserve and insurance fund—62, 134, 494-96, 508-09 Revolution— 56, 135, 314, 529

— as driving force of historical progress — 122 — prerequisites, causes of — 135, 251, 253-54, 471, 482, 509-10 — and economic crises — 135, 275, 299, 509-10 — and class struggle — 127, 178, 388, 412, 492, 529-30 — and role of masses — 69, 410, 418 — and the state — 125, 172, 279-80, 283-86 — criticism of voluntaristic views on revolution — 314, 317-19, 372-74, 470, 530-31 Revolution, bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic— 254 — limitedness of — 68-69, 278-79, 284-85, 286 — attitude towards old state appara-tus — 192-93 — bourgeoisie's inclination towards compromise — 236-37, 278-79 — and problem of property — 178-79 — motive forces, role of masses — 69 — and working class — 55-57, 66, 67, 81, 99, 225-26, 277-78, 281-86, 298, 419 — question of workers' representation in government — 470 — tasks of proletarian party — 277-78, 280-86 — as step towards proletarian revolution — 57, 117, 238, 281, 282-83, 286, 298 — necessity of revolutionary methods of struggle to bring it to comple-tion — 283-84 — and agrarian question — 61, 80, 96, 118-20, 481 — and petty bourgeoisie — 69, 100, 150-51, 164-66, 178, 179, 279-86, 408, 481-82 — religious form of — 252 See also Bourgeoisie; English bourgeois revolution of 17th century; French revolution of 1789-94; Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe Revolution, permanent—117, 127, 237-38, 281-86, 298, 614 — workers' political clubs as organs of revolutionary power — 282, 284 Revolution, proletarian, socialist—103-04, 116-17, 127, 135, 266, 273, 274-76, 299, 320-21, 510 — prerequisites for — 56-57, 135, 255, 275-76, 299-300, 429, 470, 509-10 — proletarian party as condition of victory — 634 — necessity of workers' political and theoretical preparation for revolution — 485 — transformation of proletariat into ruling class, establishment of dictatorship of proletariat — 274-76, 293, 298, 300, 320-21, 387, 553-54, 634 — as highest form of proletarian class struggle with bourgeoisie— 529-30 — as culmination of permanent revolution — 237-38, 281, 283, 614 — simultaneous accomplishment in a number of countries — 56, 69-70, 117, 286, 553-54 — peaceful and violent methods of accomplishment — 487 — fundamental difference from bourgeois revolution — 69, 276 — and universal suffrage — 517 — abolition of private ownership of means of production — 300, 387, 553 — solution of national question — 70, 266, 561 — and peasantry and agricultural proletariat — 57, 122, 285 — and petty bourgeoisie — 27, 30-31, 57 — necessity of winning over army to proletarian revolution — 551 See also Class struggle; Dictatorship of the proletariat; Party, proletarian Revolution, social

— as bourgeois revolution — 253-54 — as form of transition from capitalism to socialism — 69-70, 78, 255, 266, 273, 275-76 Revolution of 1848-49 in Austria—58,70, 151-52 Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe—132, 237, 482, 497 — democratic illusions — 243-44, 531-32 — and bourgeoisie — 69-70, 237 — and petty bourgeoisie — 529 — and national movement — 70 — role of in European events — 64, 70-71, 91-92, 94, 369 — and England — 263-64, 497-98, 509-10 — and Russia — 70 — and possibility of European war — 70-71 — counter-revolution — 94, 97, 101, 110, 132; 369, 547 — causes of defeat — 132, 135, 637 — results of — 5, 244, 275, 503 Revolution of 1848 in France. Second

Republic— 47, 53-62, 64, 65-73, 76-77, 79-80, 81, 83-84, 85-88, 91, 92, 94-97, 98-101, 105-07, 109-10, 112-15, 122, 125, 129-30, 138-39 — preconditions and causes of, revolutionary situation in 1847-48 — 48-53, 132 — periods in development of revolution — 105-07, 109-10, 112, 129-30 — decline of revolution — 47 — February revolution of 1848 — 20, 47, 52-58, 60-63, 66-69, 71, 87-89, 91, 108-09, 116-18, 127, 128-29, 136, 149, 251, 263, 294, 311, 314-15, 322-24, 338, 354, 359, 360,361, 362-64, 412 — Provisional Government — 21, 27, 53-55, 57-66, 71, 73, 106, 319-21, 360, 365 — Luxembourg Commission — 55, 56, 57, 58, 63, 360 — intensification of class struggle in March and April 1848 — 64-65, 71, 73 — Executive Commission, its anti-working-class policy — 63-64, 66, 68, 71, 72, 87, 106 — National ateliers (workshops)—63-64, 67-68, 87 — events of May 15, 1848 — 67, 73, 77, 88, 97, 323, 575-77 — after-effects of June insurrection,

prospects of further development — 41, 70, 71-74, 77-78, 122, 131, 144, 263, 279, 334-35, 362, 368, 369, 486-88, 525, 577-80 — absence of conditions for victorious proletarian revolution — 56-57, 68-70, 116-17, 135 — National (Constituent) Assembly — 18, 20, 23, 26, 30, 33, 35, 40, 65-67, 71-78, 79-94, 97-99, 101-03, 107-14, 117-18, 119, 123, 124,127, 128, 129, 139, 140, 144, 364, 367, 520, 525, 567, 568, 571, 572, 578, 579, 580 — Constitution of 1848 — 77-80, 84-85, 89-91, 94, 101-02, 103, 105-09, 110, 130, 136, 141-42, 522, 567-79 — preservation of old state appara-tus — 57, 78, 83, 116, 118 — election of Louis Bonaparte as President — 79-80, 84-85, 89, 95, 96, 111-14, 123-25, 127-28, 572 — Legislative Assembly (from May 28, 1849), struggle of parties in it — 18, 19, 79, 94, 96, 99, 101-05, 106-13, 118, 119, 122-25, 127, 129, 136, 137, 139-42, 143, 144, 262, 263, 516-21, 524, 525, 568-72 — clashes of Legislative Assembly with government — 82-87, 91-93, 98, 99, 111, 114, 118, 123, 127-29, 137, 139-40, 143-44, 262 — economic development — 49-53, 58-61, 114-18, 119-22, 132-35 — financial policy, finances, taxation — 17-20, 22, 39, 58-62, 73-76, 84-85, 111-12, 114-21, 133, 329, 363-64, 365, 508 — industry — 116-17, 132, 134, 137, 507, 509, 517 — agriculture and agrarian relations — 20, 116, 327, 335 — trade — 19, 132-34, 137, 507-09, 517 — joint-stock companies, banks— 125, 132-34, 507, 508 — Stock Exchange, stock-exchange speculation — 19, 114, 115, 342-44 — usury — 21, 122, 509 — military legislation — 25, 576 — and army — 25, 30, 32, 34, 35, 58, 62, 65, 76, 77, 81, 98, 103-07, 118, 124, 127-30, 137, 139, 142-44,343, 365, 517, 523, 551, 579, 580 — and National Guard — 53, 62, 64, 65, 67, 87, 104-07, 365, 366, 576 — and Mobile Guard — 62-63, 67, 76, 81, 87, 90, 365, 366 — and press — 30, 31, 32, 38, 39, 107, 110, 126, 129, 135-40, 263, 343, 344, 516-19, 520, 568-69 — and clergy — 23, 569, 570 — and bourgeoisie — 22, 49, 51-58, 61-70, 71-83, 87-91, 94-97, 101, 107, 114-18, 121, 124-27, 129-31, 139, 141-44, 261-62, 314-15, 359, 578-80 — and financial aristocracy — 114-16, 117-18, 127, 133, 263, 342, 508, 525 — and big landowners — 55, 61, 65, 79, 95, 96, 115, 125 — and middle strata, intermediate classes — 64, 65, 69, 99, 108, 110,

125, 126, 366, 367, 368 — and petty bourgeoisie — 27-28, 30-31, 53, 54, 57, 59, 63-65, 69, 71, 74-76, 78, 80, 81-82, 96-100, 103-04, 106, 107, 110, 117, 125-28, 130, 135, 136, 144, 263, 359, 515-17 — and working class, its role in revolution — 21, 27-28, 30-31, 34, 35, 53-57, 58-59, 62-64, 67-70, 73-75, 78-81, 86-91, 94, 95, 96-100, 103-04, 106-10, 116, 120, 121-22, 124-29, 135-37, 315, 319-20, 359, 569, 576, 578 — demand of right to work — 55-56, 78, 360, 567-68 — and peasantry — 21-22, 28, 39, 54-55, 57, 61-62, 65, 69, 71, 76, 79-80, 84, 92, 96-99, 118-23, 125, 262-63, 364 — alliance of workers and peasants — 22 — alliance of petty bourgeoisie and proletariat — 27-28, 34, 368 — lumpenproletariat — 62, 365 — dynastic opposition — 53, 68, 82-83, 97, 116 — Legitimists — 22, 25, 36, 40, 54, 65, 68, 72, 78-79, 80-81, 83, 89-90, 92, 94-97, 101, 108-16, 123, 124, 125, 129-30, 138, 139, 140-41,262,367, 519-22

— Orleanists — 25, 36, 41, 65, 67, 72, 81, 83, 89, 90, 92, 94-97, 101, 108-16, 125, 127, 138-42, 262, 367, 519, 521, 522 — Bonapartists, Society of December 10 — 40, 90, 96, 111, 113, 124, 139-43, 262, 520, 521, 523 — party of Order — 28, 31, 32, 33, 95-96, 99-101, 105, 107, 108, 113-19, 122-31, 135-44, 344, 516, 517, 518-25 — bourgeois republicans (National party)—20, 40, 53, 54, 57-59, 65-66, 69, 71-84, 85, 87-92, 95, 97-99,

103, 105-06, 110, 114, 125, 128, 140, 141-42, 315, 322,367, 521-22 — petty-bourgeois democracy, La Réforme newspaper, Mountain party — 34, 35, 55, 60, 66, 70, 74-75, 84, 314, 321-22 — bloc of democrats and socialists (New Mountain)—90, 97, 98-101, 103-05, 107, 125, 126, 127, 128-29, 135-37, 138, 141-42, 279, 320-21, 343, 515-18, 522 — Utopian socialist views — 57, 70-71, 99, 100, 105, 122, 126-27, 128-29, 138, 263 — workers' clubs, secret societies — 83, 89-93, 99, 100, 104, 105, 110, 125, 138, 322-24, 569 — events of June 13, 1849, and their consequences — 85, 94, 101-10, 127-30, 184, 238, 262, 523, 576 — elections of March 10, 1850 — 56, 127-31, 135-36, 324, 516 — repeal of universal suffrage on May 31, 1850 — 26, 28, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 56, 57, 67-68, 79, 81, 130-32, 136, 137, 139-40, 141-42, 263, 360, 367, 516-18, 522, 571, 572, 577 — foreign policy — 53-54, 58, 60, 72-73, 78-79, 82-83, 93-96, 99, 101, 103-05, 108-12, 131, 151-53, 549, 567 — expedition to Rome — 93-94, 103,

104, 109-12, 567 — colonial subjugation of Algeria — 524 — and other European powers — 11-12, 15, 16,58,60, 103, 116-17, 189, 262, 268, 511, 547 — influence on European peoples — 60, 72-73, 103, 116-17, 279 — prospects of revolution — 16-17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 28-29, 32, 34 See also June insurrection of Paris proletariat in 1848 Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany

— Germany on eve of revolution —481-82 — March revolution — 58, 64, 156-57, 243-44, 248, 278, 419 — and absolutism, survivals of feudalism — 173-74, 180, 237-38, 248, 267-68, 481-82 — and counter-revolutionary forces (nobility, junkers, aristocracy and bureaucracy)—151, 152, 172, 179, 187, 188, 190, 192-93, 208, 237, 278 — position of bourgeoisie — 151, 152, 157-58, 163-67, 168, 169, 172, 236-37, 278-79, 399, 406, 407, 415-19, 481-82 — petty bourgeoisie — 149-51, 157-61, 163-71, 172, 175-80, 183, 184, 190-92, 237, 279, 281, 408-09, 481-82 — peasantry — 150, 151, 154, 159, 167, 169, 172, 173, 177, 178, 180, 184, 191, 238, 481 — working class and working-class movement — 13, 150-51, 157, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165-71, 176, 184, 192, 225-26, 237, 238, 277, 278, 374, 388, 419, 481-82 — intelligentsia — 172, 224, 237 — army — 101, 151, 152, 159-62, 166, 167-69, 170, 172-75, 178, 180,181, 184, 192, 206, 208, 209, 238, 605 — civic militia — 160, 161, 166-69, 179, 181, 193-94, 196-97 — United Diet in Prussia (1847, 1848)—258, 268 — Prussian National Assembly — 7, 12, 279, 417-18 — coup d'état in Prussia and movement for non-payment of taxes in November 1848 — 279 — Prussian Constitution of December 5, 1848 — 257 — Chambers of Prussian Diet — 257, 417

petty-bourgeois democrats — 4, 147-50, 162, 163, 172, 175, 186, 190-92, 225-26, 247, 277-80, 285, 286, 388, 409, 487 — Neue Rheinische Zeitung, persecution of editorial board — 156-57, 171, 181, 187, 353, 388, 605 — and Communist League — 165-66, 186, 201, 225-26, 277-78, 371, 374 — Cologne Workers' Association —226 — and ways of unifying country — 247 — national question — 70 — Frankfurt National Assembly, Imperial Regency and Ministry — 150,

157, 159, 173, 238, 247-50, 258, 259, 279, 388, 417 — Imperial Constitution — 150, 151, 166, 178, 237-38, 248-49 — campaign for Imperial Constitution — 97, 101, 149-52, 170, 177, 186, 190, 237-48, 248-50, 278, 279, 285, 374, 543, 605 — Dresden uprising (May 3-8, 1849)—154, 157, 162, 169, 190 — uprising in Rhine Province — 154-72, 174, 178, 190-92, 196, 605 — uprising in Palatinate — 155, 157, 162, 170, 172, 179-81, 184-214, 249 — uprising in Baden — 110, 157, 162,

170, 171, 172-84, 187-91, 213-39, 249, 277-78, 285 — and Hungary — 162, 182, 184,200, 205 — and Rhine Province — 156-71 — and revolution of 1848 in France — 64, 182, 184, 238 — offensive of counter-revolution and reaction — 108, 110, 151, 152,

171, 236-37, 239, 279, 481-82, 597 — and Austria — 248, 482 — and France — 189 — and Prussia — 10, 13, 101, 157,

158, 189, 248, 482 — Marx's and Engels' participation in — 168, 180-83, 186-87, 192, 200-37 — results of — 149-52, 237-39, 278, 399, 411, 417, 455-56, 470,481-83, 489, 490, 637 70, 97, 101, 108, 110, 152, 184, 197, 200, 205, 214 Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states

—58, 64, 76, 91-94, 97, 101-03, 108-12, 151-52, 547-48, 553, 567 Rhenish Federation—547 Rhenish Hesse—155 Rhine Province—155-72, 191, 507 Russia (Russian Empire)—8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 259-62, 269, 369, 393, 394, 527-28, 550, 553, 554 See also Patriotic war of 1812; Tsarism, tsarist autocracy Russo-Turkish war of 1787-91 — 548-49

S

Saint-Simonism—306 Savings banks—59-60 Saxony—156, 426, 469, 471-74 Schleswig-Hobtein question—392-94, 526-

27 Sectarianism—98 Sects, religious— 413-15, 420, 426, 428-30

See also Anabaptists Seehandlung (Preussische Seehandlung-geselbchaft)—259, 267-68 Serfdom—419, 439, 443, 451 Serf peasantry— 402, 403, 405-07, 409,

415, 478, 551, 578 Seven Years' War of 1756-63 — 546, 550 Social-Democratic Refugee Committee (late 1840s-early 1850s)—349-52, 600-01, 608-10, 616-23, 631-32 Socialism (theories and trends)

— reactionary — 488 — bourgeois (conservative)—125-26, 263, 326, 331, 337, 419, 488 — petty-bourgeois —30, 31, 125-26, 127, 128-29, 488, 531-32, 585, 588, 589, 590 — doctrinaire —67-68, 97, 98, 125-26, 127, 128-29 — sentimental — 31, 537 — eclectic — 126, 127 — Louis Blanc's — 63, 125-27, 128, 537, 541 — proletarian (revolutionary) — 30, 127 See also Communism, scientific

27, 255, 319-20 — social-democratic party of 1840s— 88, 97-98, 125-27, 129, 279, 518-19 — during revolution of 1848 — 57-58, 63-64, 67-69, 88, 97-98, 110, 118-19, 122, 125-27, 128-29, 133, 263, 279, 507, 518-19 Socialism, socialists in Germany—3-4, 177, 282, 416, 419-20, 488, 489, 596 Social labour under capitalism—56, 500 Société des saisons (Society of the Seasons) (Paris, 1839)—48, 312, 314, 320 Societies, secret, revolutionary, proletarian— 110, 277, 311-22, 371, 633, 634 See also Anarchism, anarchists; Blan-quism, Blanquists Society— 54, 55-57, 67, 71, 333, 414, 443 See also Civil society; Communism (social formation) Society, bourgeois—51, 55, 57-58, 59, 65, 67, 91, 156, 255, 271-73, 275, 331, 363, 387, 408, 415, 509-10, 531 — and economic crises — 134, 509 — classes, class struggle — 57, 65, 68, 156, 254, 363, 384 — and the state — 54, 76-77, 78, 118, 125, 156, 251, 254-56, 296, 330-33, 522 — and religion — 92, 96, 118, 254

— prerequisites for inevitable destruction of bourgeois society and rise of new society — 134, 275, 299, 363, 500 Society, feudal — 7, 54, 407-09, 412-13, 414-15, 419, 461, 480 Soil fertility—121 Sonderbund— 51, 261, 358 Spain—132, 266, 400, 507 Speculation— 49, 51, 115, 338-39, 342-

44, 358, 482, 490-92, 494-95, 502, 503, 506-07 See also Stock Exchange, Bourse State, the

— origin — 72 — and classes — 65, 253, 333, 486 — class essence of, instrument of domination by exploiters — 50-51, 331, 486 — and society, social system — 54, 65-68, 71, 91, 115-16, 125, 280, 285, 331, 422 — apparent independence of — 54, 333 — state centralisation — 125, 285, 399, 443, 461, 480 — state machine — 61, 172, 296 — and abolition of classes, withering away of the state under communism — 333, 422, 486 — critique of anarchist views on —334, 486-88 See also Monarchy; Republic, bourgeois State, bourgeois— 54-57, 65-66, 68, 69, 71, 76-77, 78-79, 101, 118, 126, 130-31, 151, 156, 251, 254-56, 278, 308, 330-33, 486, 522 State, feudal—401 See also Feudalism State, proletarian—see Communism (social formation); Dictatorship of the proletariat Stock Exchange, Bourse—49, 60, 114, 115, 292, 342-44, 363, 504 Styria— 439, 475, 476 Suffrage (in the bourgeois state)—65, 79, 131, 263, 296 — and Bonapartism — 80 — and peasantry and agricultural workers — 54, 65, 78, 79, 122 — significance for working class — 79, 137, 275, 298, 517 Superstructure—see Basis and superstructure Switzerland—177-78, 261, 268-70, 279, 285, 393, 413-33, 435-36, 477 — and revolution of 1848-49 in Europe — 260-61, 392 — and France — 52 — and Germany — 15-16, 177-78, 267-70 See also Peasants, Swiss; Prussian-Swiss conflict over Neuchâtel; Sonderbund

T

Taborites—414, 415 Taiping rebellion—266-67 Taxation—49, 61, 78, 84, 116, 118, 122,

126, 262, 292, 324, 325, 327, 328-29,

331, 508 Ten Hours' Bill— 271-76, 288, 297-98

— revolutionary — 57-58, 109, 173, 471-72 — counter-revolutionary — 22, 70, 85, 109, 122, 263, 368, 437 See also Violence Teutonic Order—454 Theology— 411-12, 420, 422 Theory and practice— 77-78, 91, 127, 471 Thirty Years' War (1618-48)—478-79 Thuringia— 408, 418, 421, 426, 469,

471-73, 475 Tories— 255, 273, 291-93, 511, 512 Town, medieval— 401, 402, 406, 407,

408, 412-14, 443, 465 — patricians — 155, 406-07, 409, 410, 414-15, 435, 452-53, 457, 461,465, 467,469,478,479,480 See also Burghers; Craftsmen, handicrafts; Guilds; Plebeians, plebs Trade, commerce— 265-66, 295, 401-02, 490, 504-06, 584-90 — world —393, 585 — money — 294 — and economic crises — 264, 295, 490, 584 — trade wars — 252 — and revolution of 1848-49 — 263 — merchant navy and merchant shipping — 401, 505-07 Traditions— 47, 320, 399, 560 Tsarism, tsarist autocracy—259-60, 546-47 Turkey — 15, 259, 268, 270

U

Ulster— 9 United States of America—265-66, 285, 333, 341, 486, 501-02, 503-06 Universal Society of Revolutionary Communists—484, 613-15 Uprising, armed—106, 154, 172, 173-74, 282-84, 413 See also June insurrection of Paris proletariat in 1848; Uprisings of Lyons weavers in 1831 and 1834 Uprisings of Lyons weavers in 1831 and 1834 — 48 Usurious capital— 57, 98, 121-22, 191, 280, 406, 431, 509 Utopianism—126, 331, 336 Vagrancy— 407, 409, 433-34, 478 Venice— 265, 477 Village— 406, 408