Name Index

A

Adam—French tanner, Blanquist, member of secret revolutionary societies during the July monarchy; committee member of the French society of Blanquist emigrants in London (1850).—484, 615 Albert (also named Martin, Alexandre) (1815-1895) —French worker, a leader of secret revolutionary societies during the July monarchy; member of the Provisional Government (1848).— 53, 55, 66, 312-14, 316, 320, 323, 359, 360, 367, 537 Albert (Albrecht) III (1443-1500)—Duke of Saxony (1464-1500), commanded the army which suppressed the popular revolt in the Netherlands in 1491-92 and the Frisian peasant revolt in 1500.—431 Alexander I (1777-1825)—Emperor of Russia (1801-25).—260, 547 Alexander of Macedon (Alexander the Great) (356-323 B.C.)—general and statesman of antiquity.—143, 524 Alexandra Fyodorovna (Charlotte Louise) (1798-1860)—daughter of Frederick William III, wife of Emperor Nicholas I.—8 Alken, Nikolaus—German soldier, took part in storming the arsenal in Prüm; executed in October 1849.—171 Alva or Alba, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke o/(1507-1582) —Spanish general

and statesman, viceroy of the Netherlands (1567-73), brutally crushed the popular uprising in the Netherlands in the sixteenth century.—447 Anne (1665-1714)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1702-14).—252 Anneke, Friedrich (1818-1872)—Prussian artillery officer discharged from the army for his political views; member of the Communist League; one of the founders of the Cologne Workers' Association (1848), editor of the Neue Kölnische Zeitung, member of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats; lieutenant-colonel in the Baden-Palatinate revolutionary army (1849). — 194, 196, 220 Antony (1489-1544)—Duke of Lorraine (1508-44), brutally suppressed the peasant uprising in Alsace (1525); opposed the Reformation.—474 Arago, Dominique François Jean (1786-1853)—French astronomer, physicist and mathematician, republican politician; member of the 1848 Provisional Government, helped to suppress the June uprising of the Paris proletariat.—537 Ariosto, Lodovico (1474-1533) — Italian poet of the Renaissance, author of L'Orlando furioso.—62, 86 Arndt, Ernst Moritz (1769-1860)— German writer, historian and philo-logist; took part in the liberation struggle against Napoleon's rule; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre) in 1848-49.—258, 346 Arnold of Brescia (c. 1100-1155)—Italian reformer, ideologist of the movement of the urban poor against the Pope and ecclesiastical feudalism; executed as a heretic.—413 Ashley (Cooper, Anthony Ashley, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury) (1801-1885)—English politician, Tory philanthropist.—272, 291, 293, 297-98 Aston, Luise (pseudonym of Meier, Luise)

(1814-1871)—German democratic writer.—242 Athenaeus (late 2nd-early 3rd century)—Greek rhetorician and gram-marian.—105 Auerbach, Berthold (1812-1882)—German liberal writer, later an apologist of Bismarck.—242, 244 Aylva, Sjoerd (d. 1509)—leader of the Frisian peasant revolt (1500).—431

B

Bach, Walter—mercenary who joined the insurgent peasants in South Germany in 1525; a leader of the Allgäu Troop, betrayed the peasants at the crucial moment.—466, 468 Baden, Grand Duke of—see Leopold Karl

Friedrich Ball, John (d. 1381)—English priest and social agitator, an inspirer of the peasant revolt of Wat Tyler (1381).— 413, 414 Bamberger, Ludwig (1823-1899)—German journalist, democrat, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; subsequently a liberal, deputy to the Imperial Diet.—196, 224 Bantelhans (Bantel, Hans)—a leader of the Poor Konrad society and the peasant uprising in Württemberg and the mountain regions of Swabia in 1514.—436 Baraguay d'Hilliers, Achille, comte (1795-1878)—French general, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, Bonapartist.—109 Barbes, Armand (1809-1870)—French revolutionary, a leader of secret

societies during the July monarchy; deputy to the 1848 Constituent Assembly; sentenced to life imprisonment for participation in the popular insurrection of May 15, 1848, and pardoned in 1854; emigrated to Belgium.—35, 37, 88, 129, 316, 541, 576 Barnabas—Hungarian priest, took part in the peasant war in Hungary in 1514.—438 Baroche, Pierre Jules (1802-1870)— French lawyer and politician, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies; procurator-general of the Court of Appeal in 1849, Bonapartist; member of several cabinets prior to and after the coup d'état of 1851. —38, 129 Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe Odilon (1791-1873)—French politician, leader of the liberal dynastic opposition until February 1848; from December 1848 to October 1849 headed a monarchist coalition ministry.—53, 73, 82-84, 86-89, 93, 102, 103, 109, 111, 113, 248 Barthélémy, Emmanuel (c. 1820-1855) —French worker, Blanquist, member of secret revolutionary societies during the July monarchy and participant in the June 1848 uprising in Paris; a leader of the French society of Blanquist emigrants in London; executed on a criminal charge in 1855.—484 Bastiat, Frédéric (1801-1850)—French economist and politician.—48 Bastide, Jules (1800-1879)—French politician and journalist, an editor of the newspaper Le National (1836-46); moderate republican, Minister of Foreign Affairs from May to December 1848.—76 Batory, Stefan VII de Ecséd (d. 1535) —representative of a feudal family in Transylvania, led an army which took part in squashing the peasant uprising in Hungary in 1514.—439 Bauer, Heinrich (b. 1813)—German shoemaker, prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, a leader of trie League of the Just, member of the Central Authority of the Communist League; emigrated to Australia in 1851.—278, 351, 352, 371, 375, 483, 533, 597-99, 601, 610, 618, 619, 623, 625, 629, 632 Bauer, Ludwig (Louis)—German physician, participant in the 1848-49 revolution, President of the London Democratic Association committee for support to refugees.—350, 617 Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de

(1732-1799)—French dramatist.—89 Beaune, Jean Baptiste Augustin de (1796-1849)—French politician, monarchist, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies.—22, 122 Becker, Johann Philipp (1809-1886)— German revolutionary, took part in the democratic movement of the 1830s and 1840s in Germany and Switzerland and in the 1848-49 revolution; commanded the Baden people's militia during the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; prominent figure in the First International in the 1860s and delegate to all its congresses; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—180, 223, 224, 231-36 Becker, Max Joseph (d. 1896)—German engineer, democrat, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849 and after its defeat emigrated to Switzerland and subsequently to the USA.—210 Bern, J6zef( 1795-1850)—Polish general, prominent figure in the national liberation movement, took part in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31 and the revolutionary struggle in Vienna in 1848; a leader of the Hungarian revolutionary army (1848-49); after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to Turkey.—169 Benz—Berne innkeeper.—249 Berlichingen, Götz (Gottfried) von (1480-1562)—German knight, tried to use the peasant uprising of 1525 for his own ends; elected the leader of the Gay Bright Troop, he betrayed the peasants at the crucial moment.—453-55, 462, 463 Berlin, Hans—town councillor of Heilbronn; tried to foist a moderate programme on the insurgent peasants

after their capture of the town in 1525; deserted to the feudal camp.— 461 Berlin, Hans (Johannes) (died c. 1560)— in 1525 notary and procurator in Heilbronn, author of the Declaration of the Twelve Articles, interpreted the insurgent peasants' demands in a moderate vein.—455 Bernigau (d. 1849)—German democrat, member of the Cologne Committee of Public Safety in 1848; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; sentenced by a Prussian court martial and executed.—346 Berryer, Pierre Antoine (1790-1868)— French lawyer and politician, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, Legitimist.—113 Bertin, Louis Marie Armand (1801-1854)—French journalist, Orleanist; publisher of the Journal des Débats in 1841-54.—39 Beseler, Wilhelm Hartwig (1806-1884) —Schleswig-Holstein politician; head of the Provisional Government of Schleswig-Holstein in 1848, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre).—527 Beust, Friedrich von (1817-1899)— Prussian officer, committee member of the Cologne Workers' Association (1848); an editor of the Neue Kölnische Zeitung (September 1848-February 1849); took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to Switzerland, professor of pedagogy.—218 Beyerle—refugee in London.—612 Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis (1811-1882)— French petty-bourgeois socialist, historian, member of the Provisional Government and President of the Luxembourg Commission in 1848; pursued a policy of conciliation with the bourgeoisie; emigrated to England in August 1848.—53, 55, 59, 63-66, 73, 85, 97, 128, 307, 359, 360, 366, 367, 537, 540, 541, 628 Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805-1881)— French revolutionary, Utopian communist, organised several secret societies and plots; adhered to the extreme Left of the democratic and proletarian movement during the 1848 revolution.—27, 35, 37, 64, 65, 88-89, 127, 128-29, 316, 322, 377, 537-40, 576 Blenker, Ludwig (1812-1863)—German democrat, former officer, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; subsequently emigrated to the USA and fought in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—149, 196-99, 206, 209, 226, 230, 232, 233, 234 Blind, Karl (1826-1907)—German journalist, democrat, took part in the revolutionary movement in Baden in 1848-49; a leader of the German petty-bourgeois emigrants in London in the 1850s; became a national-liberal in the 1860s.—175, 182,354, 597, 600 Bloem, Anton (1814-1885)—German lawyer, deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing, later Left Centre) in 1848.—158 Bhmfield, Charles James (1786-1857) —English theologian, bishop of London (1828-56).—513 Blum, Robert (1807-1848)—German democrat, journalist, leader of the Left in the Frankfurt National Assembly; took part in the defence of Vienna in October 1848; court-martialled and executed.—149, 198, 220, 222 Bobzin, Friedrich Heinrich Karl (b. 1826) —German artisan; member of the German Workers' Society in Brussels in 1847; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; together with Struve headed the German petty-bourgeois emigrants in London. —617, 619 Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313-1375)—Italian author of the Renaissance.—413 Bocquet, Jean Baptiste—French democrat, supporter of the newspaper La

Réforme; took part in the 1848 revolution in France and emigrated to London after its defeat; friend of Alexander Herzen; member of the General Council of the First International (1864-65).—314 Boecker (Baker)—member of the Cologne Town Council.—158

Böheim, Hans (Pfeiferhänslein, Pauker)

(d. 1476)—shepherd, popular preacher in Niklashausen, inspirer of the peasant movement in the bishopric of Würzburg and surrounding districts; burned at the stake.—428-32 Boisguillebert, Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de

(1646-1714)—French economist, predecessor of the physiocrats, founder of classical political economy in France.—119 Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, 1st Viscount (1678-1751)—English deist philosopher and politician.—253 Bonaparte—see Napoleon III Bonaparte, Jérôme (1784-1860)—younger brother of Napoleon I, King of Westphalia (1807-13).—112 Bonaparte, Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul, Prince (1822-1891)—son of Jérôme Bonaparte, cousin of Louis Bonaparte; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic — 112, 113 Borgia (Borja), Cesare, Duke of Valentinois and Romagna (c. 1475-1507)— member of an influential Italian feudal family, son of Pope Alexander VI, tried to establish a powerful absolutist state, famous for his unscrupulousness.—112 Borme, Daniel (called Borme fils) (1821-c. 1872)—French chemist, participant in political conspiracies, police agent. —37 Born, Stephan (real name Buttermilch,

Simon) (1824-1898)—German type-setter, member of the Communist League; leaned towards reformism during the 1848-49 revolution; supreme commander of the Dresden uprising of 1849; turned his back on the workers' movement after the revolution.—215 Bötticher, Karl Wilhelm, from 1864 von (1791-1868)—Prussian statesman, Oberpräsident of Eastern Prussia (1842-48).—10 Bouchotte, Jean Baptiste Noël (1754-1840)—French officer, prominent figure in the French Revolution, Jacobin, War Minister (1793-94).—545, 563 Bourbons—royal dynasty in France (1589-1792, 1814-15, 1815-30).—13, 16, 17, 36, 95, 112 Brandenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count von (1792-1850)—Prussian general and statesman, head of the counter-revolutionary Ministry (November 1848-November 1850).—158, 596 Bréa Jean Baptiste Fidèle (1790-1848)— French general, took part in suppressing the June uprising of 1848, shot by the insurgents.—97 Breitenstein, Sebastian von (1464-1535) —Prince-abbot of Kempten (1523-35)—449, 479 Brentano, Lorenz Peter (1813-1891)— Baden democrat, lawyer; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; headed the Baden Provisional Government in 1849; after the defeat of the uprising emigrated to Switzerland and then to the USA.—174-76, 178-80, 183-85, 188-90, 214, 215, 220, 234, 238, 239 Briessmann, Johannes (1488-1549)— German theologian, follower of Luther.—426 Bright, John (1811-1889)—English manufacturer, a leader of the Free Traders and founder of the Anti-Corn Law League.—19, 116, 272 Brougham and Vaux, Henry Peter, 1st Baron (1778-1868)—British statesman, lawyer and writer, Whig.—511 Brüggemann, Karl Heinrich (1810-1887) —German journalist, moderate liberal; editor-in-chief of the Kölnische Zeitung (1845-55).—526 Bruhn, Karl von (b. 1803)—German Journalist, member of the League of Outlaws, the League of the Just, and subsequently of the Communist League from which he was expelled in 1850; later editor of the Lassallean paper Nordstern in Hamburg (1861-66).—372 Brunswick, Duke of—see Karl Wilhelm

Ferdinand Bucher, Lothar (1817-1892)—Prussian official, journalist; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848; emigrated to London; subse-quendy a national-liberal, adherent of Bismarck.—349 Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas Robert (1784-1849)—Marshal of France, member of the Chamber of Deputies during the July monarchy, Orleanist; commander-in-chief of the army of the Alps, deputy to the Legislative Assembly in 1848-49.—83 Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias, Baron von (1791-1860)—Prussian diplomat, writer, theologian; Ambassador to London (1842-54).—370, 378, 382-83, 391, 511 Burg-Bernheim, Gregor—a leader of the peasant uprising in the Margraviate of Ansbach in 1525.—464 Burritt, Elihu (1810-1879)—American linguist, philanthropist and pacifist, organiser of several international pacifist congresses.— 511

c

Cabet, Etienne (1788-1856)—French writer, Utopian communist, author of Voyage en Icarie.—64-65, 320 Camphausen, Ludolf (1803-1890)— German banker, a leader of the Rhenish liberal bourgeoisie; Prime Minister of Prussia from March to June 1848; Prussian envoy to the Central Authority (July 1848-April 1849).—13, 156 Capefigue, Jean Baptiste Honoré Raymond (1801-1872)—French journalist and historian, monarchist.—39, 138, 519 Carlier, Pierre Charles Joseph (1799-1858)—Prefect of the Paris police (1849-51), Bonapartist.—124, 338 Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881) —British writer, historian, philosopher, Tory; preached views bordering on feudal socialism up to 1848; later a relentless opponent of the working-class movement.—301-10 Carnap, Johann Adolph von (born c.

1793)—Prussian official, Chief Burgomaster of Elberfeld from 1837 to 1851.—165 Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte (1801-1888)— French journalist and politician, moderate republican; Minister of Education in the Provisional Government, deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848); after 1851 a leader of the republican opposition to the Bonapartist regime.—27, 128-29, 344 Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite (1753-1823)—French mathematician, political and military figure in the French Revolution, Jacobin; took part in the Thermidor coup in 1794.—128, 545, 546, 562, 563 Carrière, Moriz (1817-1895)—German philosopher, professor of aesthet-ics.—242 Casimir (1481-1527)—Margrave of Brandenburg, Ansbach and Bayreuth, member of the Franconian line of the Hohenzollerns; organised the suppression of the peasant and urban uprising in Ansbach and Rothenburg.—462-66 Cato, Marcus Porcius (Cato the Elder) (234-149 B.C.)—Roman statesman and writer, upheld aristocratic privileges.—76 Caulaincourt, Armand Augustin Louis, Marquis de, from 1808 Duke of Vicenza (1772-1827)—French general and statesman, Ambassador to Russia (1807-11); Minister of Foreign Affairs (1813-14, 1815).—260 Caussidière, Marc (1808-1861)—French democrat, took part in the Lyons uprising of 1834; Prefect of the Paris police after the February revolution of 1848, deputy to the Constituent Assembly; emigrated to England in June 1848.—59, 73, 97, 311-16, 321-24 Cavaignac, Louis Eugène (1802-1857) — French general and politician, moderate republican; took part in the conquest of Algeria; after the February 1848 revolution, Governor of Algeria; from May 1848 War Minister of France, directed the suppression of the June uprising; head of the executive (June-December 1848).—34, 68, 69, 72, 75-82, 85, 87, 91, 92, 93, 98, 105, 549, 579-80 Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547-1616)—Spanish writer.—174, 246, 512

Chambord, Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie

Dieudonné d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, comte de (1820-1883)—representative of the elder line of the Bourbons, pretender to the French throne under the name of Henry V.—13, 16, 36, 110, 141, 521 Changarnier, Nicolas Anne Théodule (1793-1877)—French general and politician, monarchist; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies; after June 1848 commanded the Paris garrison and national guard; took part in dispersing the demonstration of June 13, 1849, in Paris; banished from France in 1851.—25, 26, 83, 89, 90, 99, 106, 109, 140, 143-44, 520, 523-25 Charles I (1600-1649)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1625-49), executed during the English revolution.—253 Charles V (1500-1558)—Holy Roman Emperor (1519-56), King of Spain as Charles I (1516-56).—461 Charles X (1757-1836)—King of France (1824-30).—129 Charles Albert (Carlo Alberto) (1798-1849)—King of Sardinia and Piedmont (1831-49).—93, 547 Chenu, Adolphe (b. 1816)—took part in secret revolutionary societies in France during the July monarchy; agent pro-vocateur of the secret police.—311-16, 319-24 Christoph I (1453-1527)—Margrave of Baden (1473-1527).—435, 466 Clement, Albert—battalion commander of the Baden-Palatinate insurgent army in 1849.—215, 218 Clement VII (Giulio de'Medici) (1478-1534)—Pope (1523-34).—405, 419, 480 Cobbett, William (1762-1835)—English politician and radical writer.—301 Cobden, Richard (1804-1865)—English manufacturer and politician, a leader of the Free Traders and founder of the Anti-Corn Law League.—11, 19, 116,265,299,510,511 Columbus, Christopher (Cristobal Colon) (1451-1506)—Genoa-born navigator, discoverer of America.—332, 334 Cooper, James Fenimore (1789-1851)— American writer.—312-14 Copway, George (Kah-Ge-Ga-Gah-Bowh) (1818-c. 1863)—chief of the Ojibway Indian tribe, methodist missionary; took part in the Frankfurt am Main Pacifist Congress in August 1850. —511 Corvin-Wiersbitzki, Otto Julius Bernhard von (1812-1886)—German democrat, former Prussian lieutenant; took part in the republican uprisings in Baden in 1848; chief of the general staff in Rastatt during the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849.—224 Crémieux, Isaac Moïse (called Adolphe)

(1796-1880)—French lawyer and politician, a liberal in the 1840s; member of the Provisional Government (February-May 1848); deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies.—53, 91, 359, 537 Creton, Nicolas Joseph (1798-1864)— French lawyer; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, Orleanist.—118 Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658)—leader of the English revolution, became Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1653.—256, 301, 302 Csâky, Miklos (Nikolaus) (1465-1514)— bishop of Csanâd (1500-14); killed by insurgents during the peasant uprising in Hungary.—439 Cubieres, Amédée Louis Despans de (1786-1853)—French general, Orleanist; War Minister in 1839 and 1840; de-graded in 1847 for bribery and shady dealings.—117 Cyrus the Great (Koresh) (d. 530 B.C^— King of Persia (558-530 B.C.), founder of the Persian Empire.—421

D

Daire, Louis François Eugène (1798-1847)—French economist, publisher of works on political economy.—328 Dairnvaell, G.M.—French worker, author of pamphlets against the financial aristocracy.— 51

Danton, Georges Jacques (1759-1794)— prominent figure in the French Revolution, leader of the Right wing of the Jacobins.—165, 302 Darasz, Albert (1808-1852)—prominent figure in the Polish national liberation movement, took part in the 1830-31 insurrection; belonged to the democratic circles of the Polish emigrants; member of the Central Committee of European Democracy.—528 Daru, Napoléon, comte (1807-1890)— French statesman, member of the Chamber of Peers (1832-48); deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (Right wing) during the Second Republic and Vice-President of the Legislative Assembly (1850-51).—128 Daumer, Georg Friedrich (1800-1875)— German writer on the history of religion.—241-46 Delamarre, Theodore Casimir (1797-1870) —French banker; journalist; from 1844 onwards owner of the newspaper La Patrie; Bonapartist. 39> 342 Delane,' John Thaddens (1817-1879)— . editor-in-chief of The Times (1841 -77).—352, 540, 541 Delessert, Gabriel Abraham Marguerite (1786-1858)—Prefect of the Paris police (1836-48).—312, 319 Dembiiiski, Henryk (1791-1864)—Polish general and prominent figure in the national liberation movement, took part in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31; commander-in-chief of the Hungarian revolutionary army (February-April 1848) and the Northern Theiss army; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to Turkey and later to France.—152, 169 Demosthenes (c. 384-322 B.C.)—Greek orator and politician.—113 Devaisse—participant in the 1848 revolution in France, member of the Mountain party.—321 Dickens, Charles John Huffam (1812-1870)—English novelist.—302 Didier, Heinrich—German emigrant to the USA; one of the editors of the Deutsche Schnellpost in 1850.—348 Dietrichstein, Sigmund, from 1515 Baron von (1484-1540)—Viceroy of Styria; suppressed the peasant uprising in the Alpine regions of Austria in 1515-16; taken prisoner by the insurgents during the 1525 uprising and later set free.—440, 475, 476 Dietz, Oswald (c. 1824-1864)—German architect, participated in the 1848-49 revolution; emigrated to London; Communist League member, belonged to the Willich-Schapper sectarian group; subsequently took part in the American Civil War.—633 Dingelstedt, Franz, from 1876 Baron von (1814-1881)—German poet and novelist, court dramatist from the mid-1840s.—242 Disraeli, Benjamin, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield (1804-1881)—British politician and writer; adhered to the Young England group in the 1840s, subsequently became a Tory leader; Prime Minister (1868 and 1874-80).—495 Doll, Friedrich—German democrat, commercial traveller; took part in the republican uprisings in Baden in 1848; commanded a division during the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849.—232, 233, 236 Dortu, Max (1826-1849)—German revolutionary democrat; took part in the Berlin uprising of March 18, 1848, and in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; sentenced by a Prussian court martial and executed.—346 Dôzsa, Georg(c. 1474-1514)—small landowner of the Szekler region of Transylvania, a leader of the peasant uprising in Hungary in 1514.—438-39 Dozsa Gregor (d. 1514)—brother of Georg Dozsa; took part in the peasant uprising of 1514 in Hungary.—438 Dreher, Ferdinand—participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; commanded a battalion of the people's militia in Karlsruhe.—204, 210, 212, 213, 233 Dronk'e, Ernst (1822-1891)—German journalist, at first "true socialist", later member of the Communist League and an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; emigrated to England after

the 1848-49 revolution; subsequently withdrew from politics.—353, 371, 373, 375, 376 Drouyn de Lhuys, Edouard (1805-1881) —French diplomat and politician; in the 1840s Orleanist; after 1851 Bonapartist; Minister of Foreign Affairs (1848-49, 1851, 1852-55, 1862-66), Ambassador to Britain (1849-50).—511 Duelerc, Charles Theodore Eugene (1812-1888)—French journalist and politician, moderate republican; member of the National editorial board (1840-46); Minister of Finance (May-June 1848).—91 Dufaure, Jules Armand Stanislas (1798-1881)—French lawyer and politician, Orleanist; deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848), Minister of the Interior (October-December 1848) in the Cavaignac Government; one of the organisers of the suppression of the Paris Commune.—78, 81, 117 Dujarrier—French financier.— 358 Dumouriez, Charles François du Périer (1739-1823)—French general, commanded the northern revolutionary army in 1792-93; betrayed the revolution in March 1793.—542-43 Dupin, André Marie Jean Jacques (1783-1865)—French lawyer and politician, Orleanist; deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848-49), President of the Legislative Assembly (1849-51); subsequently Bonapartist.—26, 102, 137, 518 Dupont de l'Eure, Jacques Charles (1767-1855)—French liberal politician, participated in the French revolutions of 1789-94 and 1830; close to the moderate republicans in the 1840s; President of the Council of Ministers in the Provisional Government in 1848.—53, 359, 537 Dupoty, Michel Auguste (1797-1864)— French journalist, took part in publishing several republican-democratic newspapers.—312 Duprat, Pascal Pierre (1815-1885)— French journalist, politician, republican; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, opponent of Louis Bonaparte.—25

E

Eccarius, Johann Georg (1818-1889)— German tailor, prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, member of the League of the Just and later of the Communist League; a leader of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; member of the General Council of the First International; later took part in the English trade union movement.—483, 485, 625, 627, 629 Eckermann, Johann Peter (1792-1854)— German writer, author of the Ge-spräche mit Goethe in den letzten Jahren

seines Lebens.—242 Eichfeld, Karl—War Minister of the Baden Provisional Government in 1849.—180 Eisenhut, Anton (d. 1525)—clergyman at

Eppingen (Palatinate); leader of the local peasant and urban uprising in 1525.—460 Eitel, Hans—leader of the Lake Troop of the insurgent peasants (Swabia) in 1525; signed the Weingarten Treaty with Truchsess after which disbanded his troop.—449 Elector Palatine—see Ludwig V Emmermann, Karl—rcommander of riflemen in the Baden-Palatinate revolutionary army (1849).—229 Engelhard, Magdalene Philippine (née Gatterer) (1756-1831)—German poetess. —242 Engels, Frederick (1820-1895).—3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 15, 21, 22, 25, 41, 58, 186, 190, 192-95, 197, 200-05, 208-37, 240, 241, 257, 271, 274, 288, 318, 336, 338, 345, 348-51, 353, 354, 370, 371, 378, 379, 380, 381, 384, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 398, 430, 483, 487, 490, 533-37, 540, 542, 564, 588-89, 595, 601, 606, 607, 610, 611, 615, 616, 618,619,623, 637 Ernest Augustus (1771-1851)—King of Hanover (1837-51).—8

Ernst (1464-1513)—archbishop of Magdeburg (1476-1513).—420 Estancelin, Louis Charles Alexandre (1823-1906)—French politician; deputy to the Legislative Assembly during the Second Republic, Orleanist.—109 DEster, Karl Ludwig Johann (1813-1859)—German socialist and democrat, physician, member of the Cologne community of the Communist League; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; became member of the Central Committee of German Democrats in October 1848; played a prominent part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; subsequendy emigrated to Switzerland.—186, 190, 192, 201, 220, 224, 233 Eugène of Savoy (François Eugène), Prince (1663-1736)—Austrian general and statesman.—198 Evans, David Morier (1819-1874)— British economist.—496 Ewerbeck, August Hermann (1816-1860) —German physician and man of letters, leader of the Paris communities of the League of the Just; later member of the Communist League, which he left in 1850.—376

F

Falloux, Frederic Alfred Pierre, comte de

(1811-1886)—French politician, Legitimist and clerical; Minister of Education and Religious Affairs (1848-49); initiated the closure of national workshops and inspired the suppression of the June 1848 uprising of the Paris workers.—83, 92, 103, 113 Faucher, Julius (Jules) (1820-1878)— German writer, Young Hegelian; advocate of free trade, professed indi-vidualistic, anarchist views in the early 1850s.—334, 486 Faucher, Léon (1803-1854)—French writer and politician, Malthusian economist, Orleanist; Minister of the Interior (December 1848-May 1849); later Bonapartist.—48, 83, 88, 90 Favand, Etienne Edouard Charles Eugène (1793-1854)—French politician, republican; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; supporter of the Mountain party; opposed the December 2, 1851, coup d'état.—22, 123,263 Fenner von Fenneberg, Daniel (1820-1863)—Austrian officer, commanded the Vienna national guard in 1848; later commander-in-chief and chief of staff of the Palatinate insurgent army.—195 Ferdinand I (1503-1564)—Austrian Archduke; Holy Roman Emperor (1556-64).—448,456,466,467,475-77 Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872)—German philosopher.—487 Feuerbacher, Matern (c. 1484-c. 1567)— town councillor and a leader of the burgher opposition in Gross-Bottwar (Württemberg); in 1525 leader of the Gay Christian Troop of the insurgent Württemberg peasants and townsmen.—456, 457, 459, 460 Fickler, Joseph (1808-1865)—German journalist, a leader of the Baden democratic movement in 1848-49; member of the Baden Provisional Government (1849).—175 Flocon, Ferdinand (1800-1866)—French democratic politician and journalist, an editor of the newspaper La Réforme; member of the Provisional Government (1848).—53, 323, 359, 537 Florian—see Greisel, Florian Flotte, Paul Louis François René de (Deflotte) (1817-1860)—French naval officer, democrat and socialist, Blanquist; took part in the 1848 revolution in France; deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1850-51).—27,32,128-29,344 Forner, Anton—Burgomaster of the imperial city of Nördlingen (Franconia); joined the insurgent peasants in 1525 and headed the plebeian party in the town.—452 Fothergill, Thomas—British officer, hon-orary secretary of the London union of the German refugees (1850).— 352 Fouché, Joseph, due d'Otrante (1759-1820) — prominent figure in the French Revolution, Jacobin; took part in the Thermidor coup; Minister of

Police under Napoleon I, notorious for his lack of principle.—124, 347 Fould, Achille (1800-1867)—French banker and politician, Orleanist, subsequently Bonapartist; Minister of Finance several times from 1849 to 1867.—20, 61, 75, 86, 114, 115, 117, 118, 342, 364-65 Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin (1746-1795)—figure in the French Revolution; Public Prosecutor of the Revolutionary Tribunal in 1793.—94 Fourier, François Marie Charles (1772-1837)—French Utopian socialist.— 322 Foy, Maximilien Sébastien Auguste Arthur Louis Fernand (1815-1871)—French politician; candidate of the party of Order for the Seine department during the by-elections to the Legislative Assembly on March 10, 1850.—344 Francis I (1494-1547)—King of France (1515-47)—328, 447 Francis Joseph I (1830-1916) — Emperor of Austria (1848-1916).—11, 528 Fränkel—German worker residing in London, member of the Communist League and of the London German Workers' Educational Society (1847); member of the Central Authority of the Communist League (1849-50); supporter of the Willich-Schapper sectarian group.—625, 633 Frederick II (the Great) (1712-1786) — King of Prussia (1740-86) —252, 546, 551, 552, 556 Frederick III (the Wise) (1463-1525)— Elector of Saxony (1486-1525); patron of Luther; one of Münzer's persecutors.—417 Frederick VII (1808-1863)—King of Denmark (1848-63).—394 Frederick Augustus 7/(1797-1854) — King of Saxony (1836-54).—8 Frederick William 7(1802-1875)—Elector of Hesse-Cassel (1847-66); Regent (1831-47).—528 Frederick William II (1744-1797)—King of Prussia (1786-97).—542 Frederick William 7V(1795-1861)—King of Prussia (1840-61).—8, 10, 12-16, 171, 207, 247, 257, 258, 261, 267, 378, 382, 383, 385, 394, 525-28 Freiligrath, Ferdinand (1810-1876)— German romantic and later revolutionary poet; member of the Communist League; one of the editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49). —353 Fries, Peter (born c. 1822)—German lawyer, democrat; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; member of the Palatinate revolutionary Provisional Government; emigrated to Switzerland.— 372 Frundsberg, Georg von (1473-1528)— commander of German mercenaries; took part in suppressing the peasant uprising in Swabia and the archbishopric of Salzburg in 1525-26.— 468, 476 Füster, Anton (1808-1881)—Austrian theologian, professor of Vienna University; deputy to the Imperial Diet (1848), democrat; emigrated to London and later to the USA.—597, 600

G

Gagern, Heinrich Wilhelm August, Baron von (1799-1880)—German moderate liberal politician; deputy to and President of the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre), Imperial Prime Minister (December 1848-March 1849); a leader of the Gotha party after May 1849.—511, 526 Galeer, Albert Frédéric Jean (1816-1851)—Swiss teacher and man of letters; democrat, took part in the war against the Sonderbund (1847) and in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849.—350, 612 Gamier-Pages, Louis Antoine (1803-1878) — French politician, moderate republican, member of the Provisional Government and Mayor of Paris in 1848.—53, 323, 359, 537 Gatterer—see Engelhard, Magdalene Phi-lippine Gaude—member of the Communist League, close to the Willich-Schapper sectarian group during the split in the League (1850).—633

Gebert, August—Mecklenburg joiner, member of the Communist League in Switzerland, later in London, belonged to the Willich-Schapper sectarian group.—633 Geier (Geyer), Florian (c. 1490-1525) —German knight, went over to the insurgent peasants (1525), commanded the Black Troop.—453-55, 462-65 Geismaier (Gaismair), Michael (c. 1490-1532)—son of a miner, leader of the peasant uprising in Tirol and the archbishopric of Salzburg; secretary of the bishop of Salzburg; later customs official.—476-78 George (called George the Bearded) (1471-1539)—Duke of Saxony (1500-39), one of the organisers of the suppression of the peasant uprising in Thuringia in 1525.—425 George I (1660-1727)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1714-27).—251 George II (1683-1760)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1727-60).—251 Gerber, Erasmus (d. 1525)—a leader of the insurgent Alsatian peasants (1525).—474 Gerber, Theus (died c. 1541)—leader of a troop of Stuttgarters, which joined the Württemberg insurgent Gay Christian Troop in 1525.—457, 460 Ghillany, Friedrich Wilhelm (1807-1876) —German historian and theologian. —242 Gibbs—a London alderman, acting Lord Mayor of London in May 1850. —352 Girardin, Emile de (1806-1881) — French journalist and politician, editor of La

Presse; often changed his political views; opposed the Guizot Government in 1847; a republican during the 1848-49 revolution; deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1850-51); later Bonapartist.—137, 326-31, 333-37, 487, 518 Gnam—German democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to England, and in 1852 to the USA.—612, 613. Goegg, Amand (1820-1897)—German journalist, democrat; member of the Baden Provisional Government (1849) and of the First International, joined the German Social-Democrats in the 1870s.—182, 220 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)—German poet.—241, 242, 246 Gör gey, Arthur (1818-1916)—military leader of the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary, a commander and, from April to June 1849, commander-in-chief of the Hungarian army; voiced the conservative sentiments of the nobility; advocated agreement with the Habsburgs and later capitulation; War Minister (from May 1849).—184 Götz—see Berlichingen, Götz von

Götz, Christian (1783-1849)—Austrian general, took part in suppressing the Italian national liberation movement and in the war against revolutionary Hungary in 1848-49.—547 Goudchaux, Michel (1797-1862)—French banker, republican, Minister of Finance in the Provisional Government in 1848.—73 Gourgaud, Caspar, baron (1783-1852) — French general and monarchist politician, deputy to the Legislative Assembly during the Second Republic — 109 Grail, E. de—French Legitimist politician; lost the by-election to the Legislative Assembly in the department of Gard on January 13, 1850.—22 Grandin, Victor (1797-1849)—French manufacturer and conservative politician, member of the Chamber of Deputies (1839-48); deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic. —48 Grandménil—French journalist, democrat; member of secret revolutionary societies during the July monarchy; one of the founders and publishers of the newspaper La Réforme.—313 Granier de Cassagnac, Bernard Adolphe

(1806-1880) — French journalist, lacked principles in politics; prior to the 1848 revolution, Orleanist, later Bonapartist.—39, 138, 519 Gray, Simon (18th-19th cent.)—English economist.— 588

Grebel, Konrad (1489-1526)—head of an Anabaptist sect in Zurich, follower of Münzer; agitated for a revolution in South Germany.—426 Greiner, Theodor Ludwig—German lawyer, democrat; member of the Palatinate Provisional Government in 1849; emigrated to Switzerland and subsequently to the USA.—200-02, 372 Greisel, Florian—German priest, took part in the 1525 Peasant War in Swabia.—458 Grey, Sir George (1799-1882)—British Whig statesman, Home Secretary (1846-52, 1855-58 and 1861-66) and State Secretary for the Colonies (1854-55).—3, 274, 297, 383-84 Grün, Karl Theodor Ferdinand (pen-name Ernst von der Haide) (1817-1887)—German writer, "true socialist" in the mid-1840s; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing).—345 Gudin, Charles Gabriel César (1798-1874)—adjutant of Louis Philippe; from 1846 Marshal of France; was dismissed from his post in 1847 for swindling.—358 Gugel-Bastian (d. 1514)—leader of the peasant conspiracy in the Margraviate of Baden in 1514.—438 Guinard, Auguste Joseph (1799-1874) —French democrat, deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848-49); took part in the Mountain party actions on June 13, 1849.—129 Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874)—French historian and conservative statesman; from 1840 up to the February revolution of 1848 virtually directed France's foreign and domestic policy.—19, 36, 48, 51, 52, 69, 76, 83, 90, 109, 113, 251-56, 301 Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand (1811-1878) —German writer, member of the Young Germany group; editor of the journal Telegraph für Deutschland (1838-43).—242 Gützlaff, Karl Friedrich August (1803-1851)—German missionary in China.—266 H

Habern, Wilhelm von—Palatinate marshal, commander-in-chief under Ludwig, Elector of the Palatinate; took part in suppressing the 1525 peasant uprising in the Palatinate.—456, 466 Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus) (76-138)—Roman Emperor (117-38).— 591 Hafiz, Shams ud-din Mohammed (c. 1300-c. 1389)—Persian poet, Tajik by birth.—244 Hain, August—German emigrant residing in London; member of the Communist League, supported Marx during its split.—483 Hanover, House of—British royal house (1714-1901).—252 Hansemann, David Justus (1790-1864) —German capitalist, a leader of the Rhenish liberal bourgeoisie; Prussian Finance Minister (March-September 1848).—156 Harlow, John (mid-19th cent.)—British economist of the Birmingham school known as the "little shilling men"; wrote with Wright under the pseudonym of Gemini.—588 Harney, George Julian (1817-1897)— prominent figure in the English labour movement; a leader of the Chartist Left wing; editor of the newspaper Northern Star and the journal Democratic Review; friend of Marx and Engels.—3, 484, 514, 615 Hassenpflug, Hans Daniel Ludwig Friedrich (1794-1862)—German statesman, advocate of absolutism, Minister of Justice and the Interior of Hesse-Cassel (1832-37), head of the Hesse-Cassel Ministry (1850-55).—527 Haupt, Hermann Wilhelm (born c. 1831) —German business clerk; member of the Communist League; turned traitor during the Cologne communist trial and was released by the police during investigation.—483 Häusner, Karl—German engineer, commanded the Rhenish Hessian corps of the Baden-Palatinate insurgent army in 1849.—196 Haussez, Charles Lemercier de Longpré,

baron d' (1778-1854)—French conservative politician; Minister for the Navy (1829-30).—129 Hautpoul, Alphonse Henri, marquis d' (1789-1865)—French general, Legitimist, later Bonapartist; War Minister (1849-50).—22, 26, 32, 113, 123, 128, 137, 143, 144, 261, 518, 523, 524 Haynau, Julius Jakob, Baron von (1786-1853)—Austrian Master of Ordnance; took part in suppressing the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; commanded the Austrian troops in Hungary (1849-50); initiated violent repressions against the Hungarian revolutionaries.—110, 511, 624 Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz (1811-1881)—German democrat, a leader of the Baden republican uprising in April 1848; emigrated to the USA.— 149, 198, 232, 238 Hecker, Karl—one of the leaders of the Elberfeld uprising in 1849.—164 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)—German philosopher.—248, 267, 302, 422, 488-89, 530 Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856)—German revolutionary poet.—182-83, 536 Heintzmann, Atem (born c. 1812)—Prussian lawyer, liberal; member of the Committee of Public Safety during the Elberfeld uprising in May 1849; emigrated to London.—164 Heinzen, Karl (1809-1880)—German journalist, radical; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to Switzerland, later to England and in the autumn of 1850 to the USA.—3, 4, 183 Helfenstein, Ludwig, Count von (c. 1480-1525)—Austrian Viceregent in Weinsberg (Württemberg); was treacherous and cruel towards the peasants; executed by the insurgents.—453-54, 462 Helvétius, Claude Adrien (1715-1771)— French philosopher, atheist, Enlight-ener.—99 Henneberg, Johann, Count von—Abbot of

Fulda (1521-41).—472, 479 Henry IV (1553-1610) — King of France (1589-1610).—253 Henry V—see Chambord, Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonne dArtois, due de Bordeaux, comte de Henry VIII (1491-1547)—King of England (1509-47).—254 Henuegh, Georg Friedrich (1817-1875)— German democratic poet, a leader of the German Democratic Society in Paris.—112 Heydt, August, Baron von der (1801-1874)—Prussian conservative statesman, Elberfeld banker; from December 1848 to 1862, Minister of Trade, Industry and Public Works; deputy to the Second Chamber (1848).—603 Hillmann, Hugo (1823-1898)—German democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolution; emigrated to London; later became member of the Lassal-lean General Association of German Workers; joined the Social-Democratic Workers' Party in 1869.—612 Hipler, Wendel (c. 1465-1526)—German nobleman who sided with the insurgents during die peasant uprising in Franconia in 1525; principal author of the "Heilbronn programme".—452-54, 461-63 Hirschfeld, Karl Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Moritz von (1791-1859)—Prussian general, commanded a corps which took part in suppressing the Baden-Palatinate uprising (1849).—208 Höchster, Ernst Hermann (born c. 1811) —Elberfeld lawyer, democrat, Chairman of the Elberfeld Committee of Public Safety in May 1849.—164, 175 Hodde, Lucien de la (Delahodde) (1808-1865)—French writer, member of secret revolutionary societies during the Restoration and the July monarchy, police agent.—311-16, 320, 323 Hohenlohe, Albrecht and Leopold, Counts von—petty Franconian rulers.—452, 453 Hohenzollerns—dynasty of Brandenburg electors (1415-1701), Prussian kings (1701-1918) and German emperors (1871-1918).—171, 209, 347, 464 Homer—semi-legendary Greek epic poet, author of the Iliad and the Odys-sey.— 195, 258 Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) (65-8 B.C.)—Roman poet.—105

Hosszû, Anton—a leader of the peasant uprising in Hungary in 1514.—439 Hubmaier, Balthasar (c. 1480-1528) —Waldshut priest, follower of Münzer, one of the inspirers of the peasant and urban uprising in the Black Forest.—426, 446 Hudson, George (1800-1871)—British capitalist, known as the "railway king".—358 Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885)— French writer; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic — 33, 112, 136, 138, 517 Hühnerbein (Hünerbein), Friedrich Wilhelm (born c. 1817)—German tailor, member of the Communist League and of the Committee of Public Safety during the Elberfeld uprising in May 1849.—602 Huss or Hus, John or Jan (c. 1369-1415)—Bohemian religious reformer and ideologist of the national movement; professor of Prague University from 1398, and rector of the same from October 1402 to April 1403; burnt at the stake as a heretic.—413 Hütten, Frowin von—cousin of Ulrich von Hütten, courtier of the Elector of Mainz; took part in suppressing the peasant uprising (1525).—466 Hütten, Ulrich von (1488-1523) —German poet, advocate of Reformation, ideologist of and participant in the knights' uprising in 1522-23.— 417, 442-45, 466

J

Jacoby, Johann (1805-1877)—German physician, petty-bourgeois journalist, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly; joined Social-Democrats in 1872.—9 Jakob—a leader of the peasant uprising of "shepherds" (1251) in France; born in Hungary.—413 Jansen, Johann Joseph (1825-1849)— German democrat, member of the Communist League; a leader of the Cologne Workers' Association (1848), supporter of Gottschalk; shot for his participation in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849.—346 Jansen, Karl (born c. 1830)—German democrat, schoolteacher; took part in the Elberfeld uprising in May 1849; brother of Johann Joseph Jansen. —603 Jaup, Heinrich Karl (1781-1860)— German lawyer, liberal; head of the Hesse-Darmstadt Government (1848-50); President of the Pacifist Congress in Frankfurt am Main in August 1850.—511 Jean Paul (pseudonym of Johann Paul

Friedrich Richter) (1763-1825)— German satirical writer.—302 Jellachich (Jellacic), Josef, Count (1801-1859)—Austrian general, Ban of Croatia; took part in suppressing the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary and Austria.—596 Joachim of Floris (c. 1132-1202)—Italian abbot, mystic, preached a "second coming of Christ"; his teaching was condemned by the Catholic Church as heretical.—420 John (Johann) (the Steadfast) (1468-1532)—Duke of Saxony; from 1525 Elector of Saxony; one of the persecu-tors of Münzer; organised the suppression of the peasant uprising in Thuringia (1525).—424 John (Johann) (1782-1859)—Archduke of Austria; Imperial Regent of Germany (June 1848 to December 1849). —7,10 Joinville, François Ferdinand Philippe Louis Marie, Prince de (1818-1900)— duke of Orleans, son of Louis Philippe; emigrated to England after the February revolution of 1848.—16, 36 Jones, Ernest Charles (1819-1869)— leading figure in the English labour movement, proletarian poet and journalist, a leader of the Left Chartists, friend of Marx and Engels. —514 Joss, Fritz from Untergrombach (died c. 1525)—organiser of secret peasant alliances and conspiracies in South Germany (1513).—433-35, 440

Jung, Rudolph—merchant, witness at the trial of the participants in the Elberfeld uprising of May 1849.—603

K

Kah-Ge-Ga-Gah-Bowh—see Copway, George Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)—German philosopher.—114 Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand (1735-1806)— Duke of Brunswick (1780-1806); commander-in-chief of the Austro-Prussian army which fought against revolutionary France.— 542 Kilinski, Karl—Hungarian refugee residing in London (early 1850s).—240 Kinkel, Johann Gottfried (1815-1882)— German poet and journalist, democrat; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to London, where he became a petty-bourgeois refugee leader and came out against Marx and Engels.—215, 227-28, 229, 345-47 Klein, Jakob—German plasterer; took part in the Palatinate uprising of 1849; refugee residing in London.—600,612 Kleiner, W.—German refugee residing in London.—350, 600, 612 Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb (1724-1803)—German poet, representative of German Enlightenment.—245 Klose, G.—German refugee residing in London, member of the Communist League, sided with Marx during the split in the League.—483 Knierim—battalion commander in the Baden-Palatinate insurgent army (1849).—220-22 Knigge, Adolph Franz Friedrich Ludwig,

Baron von (1752-1796)—German writer.—244 Knopf von Leubas—see Schmidt, Jörg Konrad III von Thiingen (1466-1540)— Bishop of Würzburg (1519-40); organised the suppression of the uprising of peasants and urban plebeians in Franconia in 1525.—455, 465-66 Körner, Hermann. Joseph Alois (1805-1882)—German democrat, teacher of drawing; a leader of the May 1849 uprising in Elberfeld; emigrated to Switzerland, then to the USA.—372 Kossuth, Lajos (1802-1894)—leader of the Hungarian national liberation movement; headed bourgeois-democratic elements during the 1848-49 revolution; head of the Hungarian revolutionary Government; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated first to Turkey and then to England and America.—183, 200, 205, 206, 214, 552 Krug, Wilhelm Traugott (1770-1842)— German philosopher.—242 Kübeck, Karl Friedrich, Baron von Kübau

(1780-1855)—Austrian statesman, Finance Minister after the March 1848 revolution.—10 Kunowski—Prussian major, War Ministry official; extreme monarchist. —379,383 Kunze, August—German journalist. —242 Kurz—Swiss officer.—236

L

Lacrosse, Bertrand Theobald Joseph, baron

de (1796-1865)—French politician, Orleanist; Minister of Public Works during the Second Republic; from 1850 Bonapartist.—104 La Fayette, (Lafayette), Marie Joseph Paul Ives Roch Gilbert Motier, marquis de (1757-1834)—prominent figure in the French Revolution, one of the leaders of the moderate constitutionalists (Feuillants); participated in the July revolution of 1830.—543 Laffitte, Jacques (1767-1844)—French banker and liberal politician, headed the government in the early period of the July monarchy (1830-31).—48 Lagarde, Barthélémy (1795-1887)— French politician, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; adherent of the Mountain party.—122 La Hitte, Jean Ernest Ducos, vicomte de

(1789-1878)—French general, Bonapartist, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1849-51).—129

Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de (1790-1869)—French poet, historian and politician; one of the leaders of the moderate republicans in the 1840s; Minister of Foreign Affairs and virtual head of the Provisional Government in 1848.—53, 58, 65, 68, 303, 359, 362, 515, 530, 537 Lamartinxere, Felix de (born c. 1808)— publisher of the Bonapartist newspaper Le Pouvoir.—39, 140, 520-21 Lamourette, Antoine Adrien (1742-1794) —French bishop, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1792); executed as a counter-revolutionary in 1794. — 139, 519 Lamparter, Gregor (1463-1523)— adviser to Duke Ulrich of Württemberg.—437 La Rocheja(c)quelein, Henri Auguste Georges Du Vergier, Marquis de (1805-1867)—French politician, one of the leaders of the Legitimist party; deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848), senator during the Second Empire.—54 Laurentius—see Mészâros, Laurentius Law, John (1671-1729)—Scottish economist and financier, Director-General of Finance in France (1719-20). —491 Leclerc, Alexandre—Paris businessman, supported the party of Order and took part in suppressing the workers' uprising in June 1848.—32, 135, 516 Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste (1807-1874)—French writer and politician, a leader of the petty-bourgeois democrats, editor of La Réforme; Minister of the Interior in the Provisional Government in 1848, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (leader of the Mountain party); fled to England following the events of June 13, 1849.—53, 61, 64, 65, 71, 73, 81, 88, 91-93, 98, 99, 101-03, 106, 117, 129, 136, 323, 359, 364, 516, 528, 537, 541 Lehmann, Albert—German worker resi-dent in London, leading figure in the League of the Just and in the London German Workers' Educational Society; member of the sectarian group of

25-1124 Willich and Schapper in the Communist League.—625, 629, 633 Lemoinne, John Marguerite Emile (1815-1892)—French journalist, correspondent of the Journal des Débats and later its editor-in-chief.—138,519 Leo, Heinrich (1799-1878)—German historian and writer, extreme monarchist, ideologist of Prussian jun-kerdom.— 523 Leoni, Josef—German refugee in London.—612-13 Leopold Karl Friedrich (1790-1852) —Grand Duke of Baden (1830-52).— 162, 175, 179, 180, 181, 184, 215 Lerminier, Jean Louis Eugene (1803-1857) — French conservative lawyer and writer, professor of comparative law at the Collège de France (1831-39); resigned as a result of a campaign of protest by the students.—90 Le Sage, Alain René (1668-1747)— French writer.—315 Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900)— leading figure in the German and international working-class movement, took part in the 1848-49 revolution, member of the Communist League, one of the founders and leaders of the German Social-Democratic Party, friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—483 Limpurg—a family of Franconian counts.—455 Lochner, Georg Wolfgang Karl (1798-1882)—German philologist.—242 Locke, John (1632-1704)—English dualist philosopher and economist.— 253 Lorcher—adviser to Duke Ulrich of Württemberg.—437 Loreck—participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, captain.—204, 211 Louis IX (Saint) (1214-1270)—King of France (1226-70).—13, 110 Louis XI (1423-1483)—King of France (1461-83).—402, 443 Louis XIII (1601-1643)—King of France (1610-43).—253 Louis X/V(1638-1715)—King of France (1643-1715).—119, 252 Louis XV (1710-1774)—King of France (1715-74).—131

Louis XVIII (Louis le Désiré) (1755-1824)—King of France (1814-15 and 1815-24).—18, 22 Louis Bonaparte—see Napoleon III Louis Napoleon—see Napoleon III Louis Philippe I (1773-1850)—Duke of

Orléans, King of the French (1830-48).—18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 34, 35-36, 48-50, 53, 76, 78, 80, 82, 108, 111, 114-18, 138, 141, 251, 263, 311, 321, 357, 363, 519, 521, 541, 568, 624 Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans, comte de

(1838-1894)—Louis Philippe's grandson, pretender to the French throne. —36,141,521 Lourdoueix, H. de—French politician, Legitimist, defeated in the by-election to the Legislative Assembly in the department of Gard on January 13, 1850.—22 Löwenstein, Ludwig and Friedrich, Counts von—petty Franconian rulers.—453 Lucas — member of the Workers' Association in Mülheim (Rhineland) in 1849; refugee in London.—613 Ludwig V (1478-1544)—Elector of the Palatinate (1508-44); took part in suppressing the knights' uprising of 1522-23; one of the organisers of reprisals against insurgent peasants in Franconia in 1525.—437, 444, 454, 455, 460, 462, 464, 465, 466 Lüning, Otto (1818-1868)—German physician and writer, a "true socialist" in the mid-forties, editor of the Neue

Deutsche Zeitung, later became a national-liberal.—387-88 Luther, Martin (1483-1546) — prominent figure of the Reformation, founder of Protestantism (Lutheranism) in Germany, ideologist of the German burghers.—411, 416-21, 423-27, 429, 441-42, 446

M

Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834) —English clergyman and economist, advocated a misanthropic theory of population.—83 Manstein, Johann—German soldier who took part in storming the arsenal in Prüm; executed in October 1849.—171 Mantel, Johann (c. 1468-1530)—German theologian, preacher at Stuttgart, follower of Münzer.—426 M anteuf fei, Otto Theodor, Baron von (1805-1882)—Prussian conservative statesman, Minister of the Interior (November 1848-November 1850), Prime Minister (1850-58).—158, 182, 212 Manteuffel, Rudolph von—captain in the Baden-Palatinate insurgent army (1849); relative of Otto Theodor Manteuffel.—212 Marat, Jean Paul (1743-1793)—a Jacobin leader during the French Revolution.—540 Marche—French worker who in 1848 demanded from the Provisional Government the introduction of the right to work.— 55 Marie de Saint-Georges, Alexandre Pierre Thomas Amable (1795-1870)—French lawyer and politician, moderate republican; Minister of Public Works in the Provisional Government in 1848; later Minister of Justice in the Cavaignac Government.—63, 359, 366, 537 Marrast, Armand (1801-1852)—French writer and politician, a leader of moderate republicans, editor of Le National; member of the Provisional Government and Mayor of Paris (1848), President of the Constituent Assembly (1848-49).—23, 53, 65, 72, 77, 78, 91, 98,99,263,315,319,359,515,537 Marx, Karl (1818-1883).—6, 41, 50, 66, 86, 110, 130, 171, 181-84, 186, 241, 257, 277, 286, 301, 336, 338, 342, 345, 348, 349, 351-54, 357, 362, 370, 371, 377-81, 383, 385, 386, 387, 389, 390-91, 483, 484, 485, 490, 533, 535, 536, 537, 567, 584, 585, 589, 606, 610, 615, 618, 620, 623, 625, 628, 629, 636 Mathieu de la Drôme, Philippe Antoine

(1808-1865) —French democrat; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, sympathised with the Mountain party.—90 Matthäus Lang (c. 1468-1540)—Archbishop of Salzburg (from 1519); inspired the persecution of adherents of the Reformation, and reprisals against the insurgent peasants and townsmen in 1525.—475-77 Maurer, Friedrich Wilhelm German (1811-1885)—German writer, democrat, member of the League of Outlaws, later of the League of the Just.—242 Maximilian I (1459-1519) — Holy Roman Emperor (1493-1519).—433,437,439, 448 Maximilian II (1811-1864) — King of Bavaria (1848-64).—8, 151 Mayerhofer, Rudolph—Deputy Minister of War in the Baden Provisional Government ( 1849), obstructed radical military action.—176,180 Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872)—a leader of the national liberation and democratic movement in Italy; head of the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic (1849); an organiser of the Central Committee of European Democracy in London (1850).— 513-14, 528, 532, 541 McCulloch, John Ramsay (1789-1864)— Scottish economist who vulgarised David Ricardo's theories.—584 Meininghaus, Heinrich—innkeeper, witness at the trial of the participants in the May 1849 Elberfeld uprising. —602 Meissner, Alfred (1822-1885)—German democratic writer; in the mid-forties a "true socialist", subsequently a liberal.—242 Melanchthon, Philipp (1497-1560)— German theologian, closest associate of Luther, whom he assisted in adapt-ing Lutheranism to the interests of princes; took a hostile attitude towards Münzer's revolutionary ideas. —424 Menzingen, Stephan von (d. 1525)—German knight; headed the insurrection of Rothenburg petty burghers and plebeians in March 1525.—452, 465 Mersy—commander of the 3rd Division in the Baden-Palatinate insurgent army; emigrated to the USA, fought on the side of the Northerners in the American Civil War.—226, 227, 229, 230, 232 Mészâros, Laurentius (d. 1514)—priest of Szeged, a leader of the peasant insurrection in Hungary in 1514.—438, 439 Metternich-Winneburg, Clemens Wenzel Lothar, Prince von (1773-1859)— Austrian statesman and diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1809-21), Chancellor (1821-48); an organiser of the Holy Alliance.—10, 624 Metzler, Georg—a leader of the peasant uprising in Odenwald (1525), and commander of the Gay Bright Troop; belonged to the moderate party. —452-54,461,463 Mieroslawski, Ludwik (1814-1878)— prominent figure in the Polish national liberation movement; took part in the insurrection of 1830-31, in the preparations for the uprising of 1846 and in the 1848-49 revolution; later, a leader of the moderate wing of Polish democratic emigrants; sympathised with Bonapartism.—152, 179, 184, 195, 196, 206, 212, 218, 219, 222-23, 226,230,231 Mirbach, Otto von (bom c. 1800)—retired Prussian artillery officer, democrat, commandant of Elberfeld during the May 1849 uprising.—602,604 Mniewski, Theophil (1809-1849)—Polish revolutionary, commanded a regiment in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; executed in Rastatt in 1849.—219 Mohammed (Muhammad, Mahomet) (c. 570-632)—founder of Islam.—244 Mole, Louis Mathieu, comte (1781-1855)—French statesman, Orleanist, Prime Minister (1836-37, 1837-39); deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic — 109 Molière (real name Jean Baptiste Poquelin)

(1622-1673)—French dramatist.— 139,519 Moll, Joseph (1813-1849) —German watchmaker prominent in the German and international working-class movement; a leader of the League of the Just, member of the Central Authority of the Communist League; President of the Cologne Workers'

Association (from July to September 1848), member of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats; killed in batde during the Baden-Palatinate uprising in 1849.—200,201, 225-29,278 Monk (Monch), George, 1st Duke of Albe-marle (1608-1670)—English general and statesman; originally a royalist, he later served in Cromwell's army, helped restore the Stuart dynasty in 1660.—89 Monnier—member of secret revolutionary societies during the July monarchy in France; became secretary-general of the police prefecture after the February 1848 revolution.—313 Montalembert, Charles Forbes René de

Tryon, comte de (1810-1870)—French politician and writer; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, Orleanist, leader of the Catholic party, supported Louis Bonaparte during the coup d'état of December 2, 1851, but shortly afterwards sided with the opposition.— 118,119,136,517 Mordes, Florian—Minister of the Interior in the Baden Provisional Government (1849).—176 Moreau, Jean Victor Marie (1763-1813)—French general, fought in the wars of the French Republic against the coalition of European states; defeated the Austrians at Hohenlinden (1800).—236 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756-1791) —Austrian composer.—306,531 Müller, Hans von Bulgenbach (d. 1525) —led and then betrayed the Black Forest peasants in 1525.—446, 447, 449,466,467 Müller, Jakob (born 1823) — German lawyer, participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, civil commissary in Kirchheimbolanden, emigrated to the USA.—200 Mundt, Theodor (1808-1861)—German writer, member of the Young Germany literary group; professor of literature and history at Breslau and Berlin.—242 Münzer, Thomas (c. 1490-1525)—leader of the urban plebeians and poor peasants during the Reformation and the Peasant War in Germany, advocated egalitarian Utopian communism.—404-05, 413-, 415, 418-27, 432, 442, 446, 448, 450, 461, 469-73, 475-76

N

Napier, Sir William Francis Patrick (1785-1860)—British general and military historian.—544 Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821)— Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—17, 18, 22, 25, 80-84, 98, 119, 122, 124, 142-44, 155, 198, 200, 260, 286, 347, 523, 524, 542, 544-50, 552, 553-54, 555-56, 559-60, 563, 564, 568-69,576 Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873)—Prince, nephew of Napoleon I, President of the Second Republic (1848-51), Emperor of the French (1852-70).—16, 20, 22, 25-26, 28, 35, 36, 38, 39,40, 75, 82-87, 89, 90, 92, 94, 96-99, 101-03, 110-14, 118-20, 123-25, 127-29, 139-45, 262, 342, 511, 519-25, 528, 572, 576-80 Natzmer, Hermann von (1806-1858)— Prussian officer, sentenced to 15 years of imprisonment in a fortress for refusal to shoot at the people during the storming of the arsenal in Berlin on June 14, 1848; escaped in 1849, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising; emigrated to Switzerland, later to England; settled in Australia in 1852.— 196 Necker, Jacques (1732-1804)—French banker and politician, several times Director-General of Finance in the 1770s and 1780s, attempted to carry out reforms.—265, 302 Nerlinger—participant in the Offenburg democratic movement (1848) and the Baden-Palatinate uprising (1849).— 233 Nesselrode, Karl Vasilyevich, Count (1780-1862)—Russian statesman and diplomat; Foreign Minister (1816-56), Chancellor of State from 1845 onwards.— 547

Neuhaus—physician from Thuringia; commanded a detachment of the Baden-Palatinate revolutionary army in 1849.—229 Neumayer, Maximilian Georg Joseph (1789-1866)—French general, supported the party of Order.—144, 524-25 Ney, Napoleon Henri Edgard (1812-1882)—French general, Bonapartist, adjutant of President Louis Bonaparte, deputy to the Legislative Assembly of 1850-51.—112 Nicholas I (1796-1855)—Emperor of Russia (1825-55).—8, 258, 259, 262, 511,528,547,556-57,624 Noack, Ludwig (1819-1885)—German theologian and philosopher.— 242 Nostradamus (Michel de Notre-Dame) (1503-1566)—French physician and astrologer, mystic.—245 Nothjung, Peter (1821-1866)—German tailor, member of the Cologne Workers' Association and of the Communist League, one of the accused at the Cologne communist trial (1852). —376,602

O

Oastler, Richard (1789-1861)—English politician, Tory philanthropist.—291, 293, 298 Obermüller—German journalist, participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849.—204, 212, 233 Oborski, Ludwik (1787-1873)—Polish colonel, participant in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31 ; emigrant resident in London, member of the Fraternal Democrats society; commanded a division in the Baden-Palatinate insurgent army (1849).—226,227,231 O'Connor, Feargus Edward (1794-1855) —a leader of the Left wing in the Chartist movement, editor of the newspaper The Northern Star; reformist after 1848.—377, 514-15 Orleans, House of— French royal dynasty (1830-48).—81, 95, 111-12 Orleans, Duchess of—see Orleans, Helene

Louise Elisabeth Orleans, Duke of—see Louis Philippe I Orléans, Hélène Louise Elisabeth, Duchesse

d' (1814-1858)—Princess of Mecklenburg, widow of Ferdinand, Louis Philippe's elder son.— 36, 111 Oswald, Eugen (1826-1912)—German journalist, democrat, took part in the revolutionary movement in Baden (1848-49); emigrated to England after the defeat of the revolution.— 219 Oudinot, Nicolas Charles Victor (1791-1863)—French general, Orleanist, in 1849 commanded troops dispatched against the Roman Republic.— 93, 94, 101, 102, 549 Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (4S B.C.-c. 17 A.D.)—Roman poet.—541

P

Pache, Jean Nicolas (1746-1823) —prominent figure in the French Revolution, Jacobin, War Minister (October 1792-January 1793), Mayor of Paris (February 1793-Mav 1794).— 545,563 Pagnerre, Laurent Antoine (1805-1854) —French publisher, republican; deputy to the Constituent Assembly in 1848.—91 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Vis-count (1784-1865)—British statesman, Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41, 1846-51), Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58 and 1359-65); Tory at the beginning of his career, from 1830 onwards, Whig. — 511,513 Paris, Count of—see Louis Philippe Albert Parmentier—French manufacturer and financier.—117 Paskevich, Ivan Fyodorovich (1782-1856)—Russian general-field marshal; commander-in-chief of the army sent to suppress the Polish insurrection in the summer of 1831, and of the army that took part in suppressing the Hungarian revolution in 1849.— 547, 556 Passy, Hippolyte Philibert (1793-1880) — French economist and politician, Orleanist, several times member of the government during the July monarchy; Minister of Finance during the Second Republic — 111,117 Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850)—British statesman, moderate Tory, Prime Minister (1841-46); repealed the Corn Laws (1846).—19,293,496, 511 Peucker, Eduard von (1791-1876) —Prussian general and statesman, Minister of War in the so-called Imperial Government in Frankfurt (July 1848-May 1849); took part in quell-ing the uprising in the Palatinate and Baden in 1849.—158, 199,230 Pfänder, Karl (c. 1818-1876)—German artist, prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; emigrated to London in 1845; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, of the Central Authority of the Communist League, and of the General Council of the First International; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—351, 483, 533, 597, 598, 601, 610, 618-20, 629, 632 Pfeifer (Pfeiffer), Heinrich (d. 1525) — popular preacher, followed Münzer; a leader of the uprising in Mühlhausen (1525).—469, 473 Philip I (1479-1533)—Margrave of Baden, in 1525 took part in suppressing the peasant uprising in South Germany.—438 Philip I (the Magnanimous) (1504-1567)

— Landgrave of Hesse; took part in suppressing the insurrection of knights in 1522-23; organised the suppression of the peasant uprising in Thuringia in 1525.—444, 467-69, 475 Pilhes, Victor Apollinaire Ferdinand (1817-1879) —French journalist, democrat, member of secret revolutionary societies during the July monarchy, supported the newspaper La Réforme; deputy to the Legislative Assembly during the Second Republic.— 312 Pitt, William ( 1759-1806) — British statesman, Tory; Prime Minister (1783-1801 and 1804-06) .—364 Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti) (1792-1878)—Pope (1846-78).—92, 112, 302, 303, 512, 513 Plato (c. 427-c. 347 B.C.)—Greek philosopher.— 78 Pradié, Pierre (1816-1892) —French lawyer, republican; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; wrote pamphlets defending the Republic against Louis Napoleon.—263 Praslin, Charles Laure Hugues Theobald,

duc de Choiseul (1805-1847)—French aristocrat; his trial in 1847 for murder-ing his wife had political repercussions.—358 Prassler, Kaspar—leader of insurgent detachments of peasants and miners in the bishopric of Salzburg (1525).—475 Pregizer, Kaspar—cutler in Schorndorf (Württemberg), one of the organisers of the Poor Konrad society; took part in the uprising of peasants and townsmen in Württemberg in 1514. —436 Prince of Prussia—see William I Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865)— French writer, economist and sociolo-gist, a founder of anarchism; deputy to the Constituent Assembly in 1848. — 134, 387, 486-87, 508, 541, 585, 588 Pulszky, Ferenc (1814-1897) —Hungarian politician, writer and archaeologist, a Pole by birth; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; emigrated, contributed to the New-York Daily Tribunein the 1850s; in 1867 returned to Hungary after amnesty and became deputy to the Diet (1867-76 and 1884-97).—240

R

Rabmann, Franz (d. 1525)—popular preacher, follower of Münzer, took part in the uprisings of the Black Forest and Klettgau peasants and plebeians (1525).—426 Radetzky (Radetzki), Josef, Count of Radetz (1766-1858)—Austrian field marshal, commanded the Austrian forces in Northern Italy from 1831; suppressed the Italian national liberation move-mentin 1848 and 1849.-10,547,548

Radowitz, Joseph Maria von (1797-1853)—Prussian general, conservative statesman; a Right-wing leader in the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1848 and 1849.—10 Rakow, Heinrich—German officer, took part in the struggle for the liberation of Schleswig-Holstein (1848) and in the Baden-Palatinate uprising (1849); commanded the Kaiserslautern Battalion of the Baden insurgent army. — 207 Ramorino, Gerolamo (1792-1849)— Italian general, took part in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31; commanded the Piedmontesearmy in 1849; his tactics led to the victory of the Austrian counter-revolutionary forces. —548 Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520) —Italian painter of the Renaissance.— 311 Raquilliet, Felix (1778-1863) —staff general in the Polish insurgent army (1830-31); emigrated to France; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; for a time was acting commander-in-chief of the Palatinate armed forces.—195 Raspail, François Vincent (1794-1878) —French naturalist, journalist and socialist close to the revolutionary proletariat; took part in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848; deputy to the Constituent Assembly.—53, 54, 64, 65, 75, 81, 88, 359 Râteau, Jean Pierre Lamotte (1800-1887) —French lawyer; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, Bonapartist.—86, 90 Raumer, Friedrich Ludwig Georg von (1781-1873) —German historian; Imperial Ambassador to Paris (1848); deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre).—242 Rausch, Friedrich Wilhelm (born c. 1820) —Barmen printer, participant in the Elberfeld uprising (May 1849).—603 Ravez, Auguste Marie Simon (1770-1849) — French statesman, royalist, deputy to the Chambre introuvable (1815-September 1816); President of the Chamber of Deputies (1819-28);

deputy to the Legislative Assembly during the Second Republic.—122 Reichardt, Joseph Martin (1803-1872) —German lawyer, democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly, member of the Palatinate revolutionary Provisional Government (1849).—195 Rembrandt van Rijn( 1606-1669)—Dutch painter.—311 Reventlow, Friedrich, Count von (1797-1874)—German conservative politician, member of the Schleswig-Holstein Provisional Government (1848).—527 Ricardo, David (1772-1823)—English economist.—334, 530 Richard von Greifenklau (1467-1531) —Elector and archbishop of Trier (1511-31), bitter opponent of the Reformation; took part in suppressing the knights' uprising in 1522-23 and the peasant uprising in 1525. —444, 466 Rintoul, Robert Stephen (1787-1858) —English journalist, editor-in-chief of The Spectator (1828-58).—380, 381, 384 Riotte, Karl Nikolaus (born c. 1816) —German lawyer, democrat, member of the Committee of Public Safety during the Elberfeld uprising (May 1849).—164 Roberts, William Prowting (1806-1871) —English lawyer connected with the Chartist and trade union movements.— 534 Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de (1758-1794)—prominent figure in the French Revolution, leader of the Jacobins, head of the revolutionary government (1793-94).—22, 77, 165, 540, 611 Robinson, W. R.—Governor of the Bank of England (1847).—493 Rohrbach, Jäcklein (c. 1498-1525)—one of the chiefs of the peasant uprising in Franconia (1525); known for his ir-reconcilability towards the nobility.—453-57, 460, 461 Ronge, Johannes (1813-1887)—German clergyman, an initiator of the "German Catholics" movement; participant in the revolution of 1848-49. —241,242,532 Rothschilds—dynasty of bankers with banks in many European countries.— 51, 263 Rothschild, Jacob (James), baron de (1792-1868)—head of the Rothschild banking house in Paris.—^50,51,268 Rouher, Eugène (1814-1884)—French politician, Bonapartist, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; Minister of Justice (1849-51).—137, 518 Rudolf II von Scherenberg (c. 1405-1495)—Bishop of Würzburg (1466-95); suppressed the peasant uprising led by Hans Böheim in 1476 — 430 Ruge, Arnold ( 1802-1880)—German rad-

' ical journalist and philosopher, Young Hegelian; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; a leader of German petty-boùrgeois refugees in England in the 1850s; became a national-liberal after 1866.—182, 183, 486-87, 528, 532, 535-36 Rühel (Rühl), Johannes—German lawyer, counsellor in Saxony, relative and follower of Martin Luther.—419 Russell, Lord John Russell, 1st Earl (1792-1878)—British statesman, Whig leader, Prime Minister (1846-52 and 1865-66), Foreign Secretary (1852-53 and 1859-65).—510 Ryschka, Martin—Hungarian refugee in London.—240

S

Sachs, Hans (1494-1576)—German artisan, poet and composer of the Reformation, founder of the Meistersinger school in Nuremberg.—246 Sadler, Michael Thomas (1780-1835) —English economist and politician, philanthropist, sympathised with the Tory party.—291,298 Saint-Just, Antoine Louis Léon de Richebourg de (1767-1794)—prominent figure in the French Revolution, a Jacobin leader.—545 Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825)—French Utopian socialist.—110, 306 Saphir, Moritz Gottlieb (1795-1858)— Austrian humoristic poet.—242 Sauer, Heinrich—a witness at the trial of the participants in the Elberfeld uprising of May 1849.—603 Schappeler, Christoph (1472-1551)— German doctor of theology, advocate of the Reformation; in 1524-25 joined the plebeian opposition in Memmingen (Upper Swabia).—426, 467 Schapper, Karl (c. 1812-1870)— prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, a leader of the League of the Just, member of the Central Authority of the Communist League; a leader (1848-49) and President (February-May 1849) of the Cologne Workers' Association; after the revolution, a leader of a sectarian group in the Communist League, later member of the General Council of the First International.—226, 533-34, 537, 625, 627, 628, 629, 633 Schärttner (Scherttner), August (1817-1859)—cooper in Hanau, participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; refugee in London, member of the Communist League; sympathised with the sectarian group of Willich and Schapper.—621,633 Schill, Ferdinand von (1776-1809) —Prussian officer, commanded a guerrilla detachment fighting against Napoleon's forces; killed in 1809 during an attempt to raise a national liberation uprising.—174 Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von

(1759-1805)—German poet, dramatist, historian and philosopher.—241, 242,248 Schily, Victor (1810-1875)—German lawyer, democrat, participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising (1849); emigrated to France; member of the First International.—201 Schimmelpfennig, Alexander (1824-1865) —Prussian officer, democrat, participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrant; sympathised with the sectarian group of Willich and Schapper; fought for the Northerners in the American Civil War. — 196,210-13 Schlinke, Ludwig—retired Prussian officer, business clerk, participant in the revolutionary events in Breslau (1848), general quartermaster in the Baden-Palatinate insurgent army (1849).— 235 Schmidt, Jörg(known as Knopf von Leubas) (born c. 1480-1525)—Upper Swabian peasant; participant in the Peasant War of 1525, aleader of theAllgäu Troop.— 468 Schmid, Ulrich—ironsmith, leader of the Baltringen Troop of insurgent Swa^ bian peasants in 1525.—449 Schmitt, Nikolaus (c. 1806-1860)— German journalist and lawyer, democrat, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly, Minister of the Interior in the Palatinate Provisional Government ( 1849).—201 Schneider, Georg—former captain of mercenaries in the service of the French; took part in the Bundschuh peasant conspiracy and in preparations for an abortive peasant insurrection in Upper Rhineland (1513). —434 Schön, Ulrich (d. 1525)—participant in the Peasant War of 1525; a leader of the Leipheim Troop.—450, 458 Schönhals, Karl von (1788-1857)— Austrian general and military writer, took an active part in suppressing the revolution in Italy (1848-49).—

10,268 Schramm, Jean Paul Adam, comte de (1789-1884) — French general and politician; Minister of War (1850).—144, 524 Schramm, Konrad (c. 1822-1858)— German proletarian revolutionary, member of the Communist League, refugee in London from 1849; manager of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue, friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—6, 483, 606, 625, 629 Schramm, Rudolf (1813-1882)—German democratic journalist; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; emigrant in England; follower of Bismarck in the 1860s. — 349, 350, 612 Schuberth & Co.—Hamburg bookselling firm from 1826.—5 Schurz, Karl (1829-1906)—German democrat, participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising (1849); emigrated to Switzerland; subsequently US statesman.—372 Sébastiani, Horace François Bastien, comte

(1772-1851)—French marshal, diplomat, Orleanist; Minister of Foreign Affairs (1830-32), Ambassador to London (1835-40).—69 Sefeloge, Maximilian (Max) (1820-1859)

— former Prussian soldier, took part in an attempt to assassinate Frederick William IV; died in a lunatic asylum.—378, 382, 383, 386 Ségur d'Aguesseau, Raymond Joseph Paul,

comte de (1803-1889) —French lawyer and politician; sympathised with all the ruling parties one after the other; represented the party of Order in the Legislative Assembly.—129 Seiler, Anton—German soldier, took part in storming the arsenal in Prüm; executed in October 1849.—171 Seiler, Sebastian (c. 1810-c. 1890)—German journalist, member of the Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee in 1846, member of the Communist League, participant in the revolution of 1848-49 in Germany. —483 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of (1671-1713) —English moral philosopher, politician, Whig.— 253 Shakespeare, William ( 1564-1616) — English dramatist and poet.—206, 230 Sickingen, Franz von (1481-1523) —German knight who joined the Reformation, leader of the knights' uprising in 1522-23.—417, 442, 444-45, 481 Sigel, Franz (1824-1902)—Baden officer, democrat, one of the military leaders of the Baden-Palatinate uprising in 1849; emigrated to Switzerland and later to England; lived in the United

States from 1852, in the American Civil War fought for the Northerners.—174, 179, 226, 230-37, 372 Simon, Levi—small tradesman, witness at the trial of participants in the Elberfeld uprising of May 1849.—603 Simon, Ludwig (1810-1872) — German lawyer, democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; emigrated to Switzerland in 1849.—247, 248, 249, 250, 486-87 Singerhans (Singer, Hans)—a leader of the Poor Konrad society and of the peasant uprising in Württemberg and in the mountain regions of Swabia (1514).—436 Sismondi, Jean Charles Leonard Simonde de

(1773-1842)—Swiss economist, representative of economic romanticism. — 584 Smith, Adam (1723-1790) —Scottish economist.—531, 584-85 Sobrier, Marie Joseph (c. 1825-1854) — French democrat, member of secret revolutionary societies during the July monarchy; founded in March 1848 the newspaper La Commune de Paris, organ of the Paris prefecture. —313 Solomon—King of Israel and Judah (c. 974-c. 937 B.C.).—244 Soulouque, Faustin (c. 1782-1867)— President of the Republic of Haiti; proclaimed himself emperor under the name of Faustin I in 1849.— 26, 83, 123, 127 Spalatin, George (original name Georg

Burckhardt) (1484-1545)—German clergyman, humanist, friend and associate of Martin Luther.—417 Spät, Dietrich (d. 1536) — German nobleman, leader of a detachment in the punitive expedition of Truchsess. —457, 459, 463 Starke, Carl—German sergeant, witness at the trial of the participants in the Elberfeld uprising of May 1849.—603 Steiniger, August—non-commissioned officer, witness at the trial of participants in the Elberfeld uprising of May 1849.—603 Sternberg—see Ungern-Sternberg, Alexander, Baron von Sterne, Laurence (1713-1768) — English novelist.— 83 Stirner, Max (real name Johann Caspar Schmidt) (1806-1856)—German philosopher, Young Hegelian, an ideologist of individualism and anarchism.—334, 487, 589 Stoffel von Freiburg—an organiser of the Bundschxih peasant conspiracy in Upper Rhineland and the Black Forest in 1513.—437 Stolberg, Bodo, Count von (1467-1538)— German state counsellor, abbot of the Magdeburg and Halberstadt monasteries, adviser to Cardinal Albrecht.—420 Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Count zu (1750-1819) —German poet.—245 Storch, Niklas(c. 1500-c. 1536) — Zwickau weaver, head of local Anabaptist sect; under Münzer's influence preached popular insurrection against clerical and lay feudal lords.—420 Strasser, Friedrich—Austrian painter, participant in the 1848 revolution in Austria, lieutenant-colonel of the Baden-Palatinate insurgent army in 1849.—209 Strauss, David Friedrich (1808-1874)— German philosopher and writer, Young Hegelian.— 302 Strotha, Karl Adolf von (1786-1870) —Prussian general, conservative, Minister of War (November 1848-February 1850).—268 Struve, Gustav von (1805-1870) —German journalist, democrat; a leader of the Baden republican uprisings of 1848 and the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; a leader of the German petty-bourgeois emigrants in England; fought in the American Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—149, 175, 177, 180, 183, 198, 221, 222, 223, 233, 234, 235, 350, 352, 373, 612, 617, 619 Stuarts—royal dynasty in Scotland (1371-1714) and England (1603-49 and 1660-1714).—254 Sue, Eugene Marie Joseph (1804-1857) — French writer, author of sentimental social novels.—31, 32, 38, 124, 135-37, 516, 517, 518 Sulz, Rudolf, Count von—judge of the Imperial Court in Rottweil; an organiser of reprisals against insurgent peasants in South Germany during the Peasant War of 1525.—467 Suvorov, Alexander Vasilyevich, Count Suvorov-Rymniksky, Prince Italiisky ( 1729-1800)—Russian general.— 548 Szâleresi, Ambros—Pest citizen, joined the peasant uprising in Hungary in 1514, betrayed the insurgents and went over to the nobility.—438 Sznayde, Franz (1790-1850)—participant in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31, general of the Baden-Palatinate insurgent army in 1849.—195, 196, 199, 200, 205, 209, 218, 219, 221

T

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de

(1754-1838)—French diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1797-99, 1799-1807, 1814-15), France's representative at the Congress of Vienna (1814-15).—347 Tao Kuang (1782-1850)—Emperor of China (1820-50).—266 Techow, Gustav Adolf (1813-1893)— Prussian officer, democrat, chief of the general staff of the Palatinate insurgent army; emigrated to Switzerland and in 1852 to Australia.—195-96, 220, 221 Teleki, Istvân (d. 1514)—royal chancellor, later Hungarian treasurer, killed by insurgents during the peasant uprising of 1514.—439 Teste, Jean Baptiste (1780-1852) — French lawyer and statesman, Orleanist, Minister of Trade, Justice and Public Works during the July monarchy, tried for bribery and malpractices.— 117, 358 Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877)— French historian and statesman, Prime Minister (1836, 1840); deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848) and to the Legislative Assembly (1848-51); head of the Orleanist monarchist party after 1848, hangman of the Paris Commune; President of the Republic (1871-73).—22, 36, 109, 114, 124, 136, 139, 255, 517, 519 Thome—colonel in the Baden army; commanded a division in the Baden-Palatinate insurgent army (1849); advocated capitulation towards the end of the campaign.—226 Thumb von Neuburg, Konrad (1465-1525)—councillor of Duke Ulrich of Württemberg.— 437 Thunfeld, Kunz von—German knight, participant in the peasant conspiracy of Hans Böheim in Niklashausen (bishopric of Würzburg) in 1476. —430 Thunfeld, Michael von—son of Kunz von Thunfeld, with whom he took part in the peasant conspiracy of Hans BÖheim in Niklashausen in 1476. —430 Thurn und Taxis, Maximilian Karl von (1802-1871)—German prince, enjoyed the hereditary privilege of organising postal service in several German states; owner of the Frankfurter Oberpostamts-Zeitung.—10, 11 Tichen, G.—see Tiehsen, Eduard Tiehsen (Thiessen, Tichen), Eduard— citizen of Stettin who sent money to the Committee of Support for German refugees in 1849.—598 Tiphaine, Jean Laurent (born c. 1805) —French democrat, member of secret revolutionary societies during the July monarchy, supported the newspaper La Réforme.—313 Tooke, Thomas (1774-1858) —English economist, adherent of the classical school in political economy.—496, 584 Toussaint-Louverture (L'Ouverture, dit Toussaint), François Dominique (1743-1803)—leader of the revolutionary movement of Haiti Negroes against Spanish and English domination during the French Revolution.—83 Toussenel, Alphonse (1803-1885)— French politician and journalist, disciple of Fourier in 1833, editor-in-chief of La Paix, a founder of La Démocratie pacifique, member of the Luxembourg Commission in 1848.—51

Trélat, Ulysse (1795-1879)—French politician, moderate republican; deputy to the Constituent Assembly in 1848, Minister of Public Works in May-June 1848.—66, 368 Trestaillons (Trestaillon), Jacques Dupont, dit — French Legitimist.—22 Trocinski, Feliks—participant in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31, subsequently emigrated; commanded the Polish detachment in the Baden-Palatinate insurgent army (1849). —209 Truchsess von Waldburg, Georg (1488-1531)—commander of the armed forces of the Swabian League, chief organiser of the suppression of the peasant and urban plebeian uprising in 1525.—447-50, 457-60, 462-65, 467-68, 472 Turenne, Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne,

vicomte_de (1611-1675)—French general.—556 Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, baron de l'Aulne (1727-1781)—French statesman and economist, physiocrat; Director-General of Finance (1774-76).— 302 Tyler, Wat (or Walter) (d. 1381)—leader of the peasant revolt of 1381 in England.—414 Tzschirner, Samuel ErSmann (c. 1812-1870)—German lawyer, democrat, extreme Left leader in the Saxonian Diet, an organiser of the May 1849 uprising in Dresden, participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849. —201-02

U

Ulrich (1487-1550)—Duke of Württemberg (from 1498), banished in 1519; sought to utilise the peasant movement of 1525 to restore his power; regained the Württemberg throne in 1534.—436-37, 448-50 Ungern-Sternberg, Alexander, Baron von (1806-1868)—German writer who idealised medieval aristocracy.—242 Uttenhoven, von (d. 1849)—Prussian officer, killed during the Elberfeld uprising in May 1849.—160 v Vasco da Gama (1469-1524)— Portuguese navigator, discovered the sea route to India round the Cape of Good Hope (1497-98).—401 Vassal—police officer in Paris (second half of the 1840s).—324 Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre de (1633-1707)—French marshal and military engineer, criticised France's taxation system.—119 Venedey, Jakob (1805-1871)—German radical journalist and politician; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; a liberal after the 1848-49 revolution.—258,511 Véron, Louis Desire ( 1798-1867)—French journalist and politician, Orleanist until 1848, when he became a Bonapartist; owner and publisher of Le Constitutionnel (1844-52).—39 Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus) (9-79)—Roman Emperor (69-79).—591 Vidal, François (1814-1872)—French economist, petty-bourgeois socialist, secretary of the Luxembourg Commission (1848), deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1850-51).—27, 31, 128, 129, 135, 344, 516 Vidil, Jules—French officer, member of the committee of the French society of Blanquist emigrants in London; associated with the sectarian group of Willich and Schapper.—484, 615 Vidocq, François Eugène (1775-1857)— French secret police agent, pre-sumed author of Memoirs; his name was used to denote a cunning sleuth and rogue.—319 Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (70-19 B.C.) — Roman poet.— 111 Vivien, Alexandre François Auguste (1799-1854)—French lawyer and politician, Orleanist, Minister of Justice (1840); Minister of Public Works in the Cavaignac Government (1848).—78 Vogt, Karl (1817-1895)—German naturalist, vulgar materialist, petty-bourgeois democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; one of the five imperial regents (June 1849); emigrated in 1849; later received subsidies from Napoleon III; slandered Marx and Engels.—258, 486-87 Voltaire, François Marie Arouet (1694-1778)—French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlightenment.—22, 83, 111, 312, 331 Voss, Johann Heinrich (1751-1826) —German poet and translator.— 195

W

Waldau, Max (real name Richard Georg Spiller von Hauenschild) (1825-1855) —German writer.—242 Waldeck, Benedikt Franz Leo (1802-1870)—German lawyer and radical politician; Vice-President of the Prussian National Assembly and a leader of its Left wing in 1848; later a leader of the Progressist Party.—9, 258, 345 Walpole, Sir Robert, 1st Earl of Orford (1676-1745)—British Prime Minister (1721-42), Whig, the first to form cabinets independent of the king and relying on the majority in Parliament; widely resorted to bribery.—252 Washington, George (1732-1799)— American statesman, commander-in-chief during the war of the North American colonies for their independence (1775-83); first President of the United States (1789-97).—26 Weerth, Georg (1822-1856)—German poet and writer, member of the Communist League; a founder of proletarian poetry in Germany; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848-49; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—353 Wehe, Hans Jakob (d. 1525)—Leipheim clergyman, follower of Münzer; a leader of the Leipheim peasant troop in 1525.—426, 450, 453, 458 Weigand von Redwitz—Bishop of Bamberg (1522-56), an organiser of the suppression of the peasant insurrection in Franconia (1525).—452, 465 Weiss, Guido—German physician, participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising (1849), ex-civil commissary in Zweibrücken.—210 Weitling, Wilhelm Christian (1808-1871)—German tailor, one of the early leaders of the working-class movement in Germany, a theoreti-cian of Utopian egalitarian communism.—485 Weitmoser, Erasmus—German artisan, leader of a troop of Salzburg miners and peasants during the Peasant War of 1525.—475 Weiden, Franz Ludwig, Baron von (1782-1853)—Austrian Master of Ordnance; took part in the campaign against the national liberation movement in Italy in 1848; commandant of Vienna after the suppression of the October 1848 uprising (until April 1849); commander-in-chief of the Austrian troops fighting against the Hungarian revolution (April and May 1849).—547 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of (1769-1852) —British general and statesman, Tory, Prime Minister (1828-30), Foreign Secretary (December 1834-April 1835).—512, 546 Welsers—big German merchants and usurers in the 15th and 16th centuries, creditors of many European monarchs.—448 Werner, Johann Peter—German lawyer, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848.—158 Wieland, Christoph Martin (1733-1813) —German writer of the Enlightenment period.—488 Wildenbruch, Ludwig von (1803-1874) —Prussian diplomat, envoy to Copenhagen in 1848.—394 Wilhelm von Honstein (c. 1470-1541) — Bishop of Strassburg (1506-41); in 1525 took part in quelling the peasant insurrection in the archbishopric of Mainz.—466 William I (1797-1888) —Prince of Prussia, King of Prussia (1861-88), German Emperor (1871-88).—181, 208, 214, 346-47, 379,383,624 William I, Friedrich Karl (1781-1864) —King of Württemberg (1816-64). — 8

William III (1650-1702)—Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of the Netherlands (1672-1702), King of England (1689-1702).—252, 253 Willich, August (1810-1878) —Prussian officer; resigned from the army on account of his political convictions, member of the Communist League, participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, a leader of the sectarian group which split away from the Communist League in 1850.— 170, 186, 196-98, 202-06, 209-15, 218-22, 224-31, 233, 234-36, 346, 350-51, 378, 379, 381, 384, 390, 533, 534, 537, 601, 610, 615, 618-19, 620, 625, 629 Windischgrätz, Alfred Candidus Ferdinand, Prince (1787-1862)—Austrian field marshal; commanded the troops which crushed the uprisings in Prague and Vienna in 1848; led the Austrian army against the Hungarian revolution in 1848-49.—547 Winkelried, Arnold von (d. 1386)—semi-legendary hero of the Swiss war of liberation against the Habsburgs; legend has it that he secured the victory over the Austrian Duke Leopold in the battle at Sempach at the price of his life.—532 Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen (1802-1865)—English Catholic clergyman, appointed Archbishop of Westminster and Cardinal in 1850.—512-13 Wohlmeiner, Johann Gottfried (born c. 1826) — architect, born in Cologne, participant in the Elberfeld uprising (May 1849).—603-04 Wolf(f), Ferdinand (1812-1895)—German journalist, member of the Communist League, an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; emigrated from Germany after the defeat of the revolution; took the side of Marx when the Communist League split in 1850.—81, 86, 353, 483 Wolff, Wilhelm (Lupus) (1809-1864) — German teacher, proletarian revolutionary, leading figure in the Communist League, an editor of the

Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848 and 1849; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—41, 353, 373 Wrangel, Friedrich Heinrich Ernst, Count von (1784-1877)—Prussian general; took part in the counter-revolutionary coup d'état in Berlin and in dispersing the Prussian National Assembly in November 1848.—596 Wright, Thomas Barber (mid- 19th cent.)— English economist of the Birmingham school known as the "little shilling men". He and his fellow-thinker Harlow wrote under the pseudonym of Gemini.— 588 Wycliffe (Wyclif), John (c. 1324-1384) — English religious reformer, champion of the interests of the townspeople and the knights; fought for an English Church independent of Rome.—413-14

Z

Zâpolya, Janos (Johann) (1487-1540)— Transylvanian voivode, suppressed the 1514 peasant uprising in Hun-

Amphitryon (Gr. Myth.) — King of Tiryns. His name is used to mean a generous host.—76 Antaeus (Gr. Myth.) — a giant of Libya, invincible in wrestling so long as he touched his mother the earth; Her-cules held him off the ground and throttled him.—104 Atta Troll—a bear, title figure in a satirical poem by Heine; image of the philistine dabbler in politics, primitive in his arguments, intolerant of jokes and wit.—182-83, 536

Bacchus—see Dionysus Bartholomew, Saint—one of Christ's twelve apostles.— 77, 130 Birch, Harvey—main character in James

Fenimore Cooper's novel The Spy, a

gary; King of Hungary (1526-40).—439, 440 Zell, Friedrich Josef (1814-1881)—Trier lawyer, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left Centre).—158 Zimmermann, Wilhelm (1807-1878)— German historian, democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolution, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing).—417-19, 423, 424, 425, 426, 447, 450 Zinn, Christian—German democrat, Kaiserslautern journalist, captain in the Palatinate insurgent army (1849).—206, 230 Zitz, Franz Heinrich (1803-1877)— German lawyer, democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising in 1849; emigrated to the USA.—149, 196, 198, 201, 224-25 Zychlinski—participant in the May uprising in Dresden and the Baden-Palatinate uprising in 1849.— 215, 217, 229

patriot whose sense of civic duty makes him become a spy.— 312-14

Christ, Jesus (Bib.)—421, 422, 426

Damocles—according to a Greek legend, a courtier of the Syracusian tyrant Dionysius (4th cent. B.C.).—123 Daniel—prophet of the Old Testament.—421 David—according to biblical legend, slew the Philistine giant Goliath; later King of Judah.—80 Dionysus (Bacchus) (Gr. and Rom. Myth.) — god of wine and fertility.—188 Don Quixote—title character in Miguel Cervantes' novel.—174, 512

INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES Eckart—according to medieval German legends, a devoted servant and trustworthy guardian.—241 Elijah—prophet of the Old Testament. —421 Ezekiel—prophet of the Old Testament.—421

Falstaff, Sir John—a character in Shakespeare's tragedy King Henry IVand his comedy The Merry Wives of Windsor; a sly fat braggart and jester.—206

Gil Bias—title character in Alain René Le Sage's novel Histoire de Gil Blas de

Santillane.—315 Gordius—according to legend a tiller of the land who became king of Phrygia and tied an intricate knot. An oracle declared that he who should untie it should be master of Asia; Alexander the Great, unable to untie the knot, cut it with his sword.—143, 523

Jacques le bonhomme {Jack the Simple-ton)—ironical name given to the French peasant.—61 Janus—an ancient Roman deity represented with a double-faced head. — 101 Joseph (Bib.)—son of Jacob, sold by his brothers as a slave in Egypt where he became the Pharaoh's favourite because of his wisdom and beauty.— 111 Josiah—a king of Judah in the Old Testament.—421

Leporello—a character from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni. Don Giovanni's servant.—531 Luke, Saint—alleged author of one of the Gospels.—421

Macaire, Robert—typical villain a character created by the French actor Lemaître and immortalised in Honoré Daumier's caricatures.—50, 358

Mary—figure in the New Testament, the mother of Christ.—428, 429, 433 Meister, Wilhelm—main character in Goethe's novel Wilhelm Meisters Lehr-jahre.—246 Menelaus (Gr. Myth.)—King of Sparta; took part in the Trojan War.—195 Midas (Gr. Myth.)—a King of Phrygia who turned to gold everything he touched; insulted by him, Apollo changed his ears into ass's ears.—83 Moloch—the Sun-God in Carthage and Phoenicia, whose worship was accompanied by human sacrifices.—243 Moses—Hebrew legislator in the Old Testament.—117, 421

Nemesis (Gr. Myth.)—goddess of re-tributive justice.—100

Orlando (or Roland) Furioso—title character in Lodovico Ariosto's epic poem.—62, 86 Orpheus (Gr. Myth.)—Thracian poet and musician able to charm stones and tame wild beasts with his lyre.— 99

Pangloss, Doctor—a character from Candide, a philosophical story by Voltaire.—331 Pecksniff—a character from Charles Dickens' novel Martin Chuzzlewit, a bigot and hypocrite.—302 Pentephri (Potiphar) (Bib.)—an official of the Egyptian Pharaoh. He bought Joseph, whom his wife tried to seduce, from Ismail merchants.— 111 Peter—one of Christ's twelve apos-tles.—302 Pistol—a character in Shakespeare's tragedies King Henry IV and King Henry V and in his comedy The Merry Wives of Windsor, a vain boaster and liar.—206, 230

Rhadamanthus (Gr. Myth.)—son of Zeus and Europa, brother of Minos, King of Crete. For his exemplary wisdom and justice he was made, after death, one of the three judges in the lower world.—309 Rodomonte—a character from Lodovico Ariosto's epic poem L'Orlando furioso, a braggart.—62

Samson—Old Testament hero famous for his extraordinary strength and courage.—104 Sancho Panza—a character in Miguel Cervantes' Don Quixote.—246 Saul (Bib.)—first king of Israel.—80