Subject Index

1848 it was a semi-official organ of the Prussian Government.—30, 216, 316, 497

Der Radikale. Deutsche Zeitung für In- und Ausland—an Austrian democratic paper published in Vienna in 1848.—570

La Réforme—a French daily, organ of the republican democrats and petty-bourgeois socialists, published in Paris from 1843 to 1850. Several of Engels' articles were published in this paper between October 1847 and January 1848.—144, 298, 478, 493-95

Le Représentant du Peuple. Journal quotidien des travailleurs—a French newspaper published in Paris between April and August 1848 under the editorship of Proudhon.—322

Rheinische Zeitung für Politik, Handel und Gewerbe—a German daily founded on January 1, 1842, as an organ of the Rhenish bourgeois opposition, and published in Cologne till March 31, 1843. When edited by Marx (from October 15, 1842, to March 17, 1843), the paper became a mouthpiece of revolutionary-democratic ideas which led to its suppression. Engels was one of its contributors.—208, 497

La Ruche populaire—a French workers' monthly published in Paris from 1839 to 1849; it was associated with Utopian socialists.—298

Schlesische Zeitung—a German daily published in Breslau (Wroclaw) from 1742; organ of the constitutional monarchists on the eve and during the revolution of 1848-49.—501

Schleswig-Holsteinische Zeitung (Altona).— 34

Seeblätter—a German paper published in Constance from 1837 to 1849; it voiced moderately liberal ideas until 1848, when it assumed a democratic trend.—536

Severnaya pchela (Northern Bee)—a Russian political and literary newspaper, semi-official organ of the Tsarist Government, published in St. Petersburg from 1825 to 1864.—191 Le Siècle—a French daily published in Paris from 1836 to 1939. In the 1840s it was an oppositional organ which demanded electoral and other reforms.—187

Le Spectateur républicain—a French journal published in Paris from July to September 1848.—402

Spenersche Zeitung—see Berlinische Nachrichten von Staats- und gelehrten Sachen Staats-Anzeiger—see Preussischer Staats-Anzeiger Staats-Zeitung—see Preussischer Staats-Anzeiger

The Times—an English conservative daily founded in London in 1785.—151, 216, 460, 461

L'Union. Bulletin des ouvriers rédigé et publié par eux-mêmes—a French monthly published in Paris from December 1843 to September 1846 by a group of workers influenced by Saint-Simon's ideas.—298 Der Volksfreund. Zeitschrift für Aufklärung und Erheiterung des Volkes—an Austrian democratic newspaper published in Vienna.—572

Vossische Zeitung—see Königlich privilegirte Berlinische Zeitung von Staats- und gelehrten Sachen

Der Wächter am Rhein—a German democratic newspaper published in Cologne in 1848 and 1849 under the editorship of Kramer.—455, 563

Wiener Zeitung—an official daily published in Vienna from 1780 to 1931.— 569, 571

Zeitung des Arbeiter-Vereines zu Köln—a German newspaper, organ of the Cologne Workers' Association, published from April to October 1848; edited by Andreas Gottschalk (till July 1848) and by Joseph Moll (from July to September).—325, 455, 596

Zeitungs-Halle—see Berliner Zeitungs-Halle SUBJECT INDEX

A

Absolutism—see Monarchy, absolute Academic Legion—503 Agitation— 239, 298, 423 Agricultural chemistry— 470 Agriculture— 3, 342, 363, 468-71

See also Agricultural chemistry Alsace— 423 Analogy, historical—51, 351 Anti-Corn Law League—238, 299 Aristocracy, landed — 55, 118, 119, 298, 299, 351, 354, 363, 373, 433, 520 Arming, arms — S, 73, 96, 180, 260, 437 Army

— its organisation after victorious democratic revolution — 3 — as component part of state apparatus— 77, 437 — mercenaries — 25, 26, 165 — Austrian — 11, 109, 257, 387, 395, 396 — Danish —42, 436 — Prussian — 34, 43, 69, 85, 107-09, 227-28, 257, 258, 262-63, 264-65, 283, 355, 383, 400, 431, 433, 438 — of German states — 42, 165 — of the Two Sicilies — 25, 388 See also Arming, arms; Artillery; Military, the; Military art Articles of consumption—4 Artillery—161 Associations of workers— 297 Athens— 512 Austria— 92-93, 109

— political system — 350

— history —396 — national question — 11 — and Germany — 11, 396, 400 — and Hungary — 165 — and Italy — 11, 92, 165, 167, 386, 387, 396, 397, 400, 403, 421, 487 — and Portugal — 165 — and Russia — 350 — and Polish lands — 11, 92, 350-51, 373 — and Slavs —91-93 See also Austro-Italian War of 1848-49; Bourgeoisie, Austrian; Hungary, Revolution of 1848-49 in Austrian Empire; Working class of Austria Austro-Italian war of 1848-49 — 109-10, 212, 305-06, 376, 385-89, 395-97, 400, 402, 421, 473 Autocracy—116, 363

B

Baden republican uprising (April 1848) — 68, 239, 245, 368 Banks— 4, 118, 470, 484, 485 Barbarism— 116, 351, 423

See also Feudalism Belgium—165, 333-36, 404, 405, 423, 483-85 — social and political system — 333, 484-85 — economic conditions — 333-35. 483-84 — foreign trade —334 — pauperism — 333-35 — revolution of 1830-31 — 405 — before European revolution of 1848 — 333-35 — in 1848 — 404-06, 460-62, 484-85 — the press — 187-88, 406, 461 — democratic movement, democrats, radicals — 404-05 — home policy and situation—-283-84 — political parties of ruling classes — 485 See also Bourgeoisie, Belgian; Working class of Belgium Berlin — 399-401 Bills of exchange—55, 470 Bohemia, Bohemians (Czechs) — 92, 93,

339, 457, 498, 504 See also Prague uprising in July 1848;

Slav Congress in Prague; Slovanskâ Lipa; Svornost Bonapartism—520, 522 Borders— 341, 348-49, 350-53 Bourgeoisie—4, 55, 465, 497

— general characteristics — 497 — struggle against feudal nobility — 262 — economic domination — 299 — big bourgeoisie — 73, 166, 234, 279, 445 — industrial bourgeoisie — 299, 300 — political rule —262, 299, 300, 352-53, 378, 444, 445, 495, 505 — republican bourgeoisie— 147 — democratic bourgeoisie — 74 — and absolute monarchy —495 — deals with reactionaries — 74, 402, 414-15, 458, 497, 500, 503-06 — and peasantry — 295, 519-22 — its theoreticians and ideologists — 378-79 — and national question — 166, 349, 377 — "middle class" — 497 — "medieval"—245, 338, 344, 350, 372, 519 Bourgeoisie, Austrian—504, 505 Bourgeoisie, Belgian—334, 405, 484 Bourgeoisie, English— 150, 296-300, 377,

379, 381, 482, 497 Bourgeoisie, French— 133, 138, 139, 140,

147, 295,298, 300,378,379,380,401,

403, 481, 493, 494, 496, 504, 513, 519, 520 — establishment of military dictatorship and massacres of the proletariat in June 1848 — 125-26, 133, 135-44, 148-49, 161-62, 170, 378, 458 Bourgeoisie, German—53, 295, 300, 379, 380, 381, 425, 427, 431, 496, 500, 503-06

See also Burghers Bourgeoisie, Italian—300, 380 Bourgeoisie, Polish—339, 350 Bourgeoisie, Prussian—245, 260, 295, 350 Bourgeoisie, Spanish— 380 Burdens imposed upon peasants—3, 117,

118, 291, 309, 328-29, 351, 363 See also Corvée; Dues Bureaucracy — 4, 74, 77, 104, 194, 202-

05, 209, 210, 236, 251, 259, 261. 274-76, 283, 342-43, 355, 366, 381, 383, 431, 445 Burghers— 79, 81, 150, 189, 235, 245,

338, 340, 349, 351, 352, 372, 381, 405, 423, 520

C

Capital— 573 Capitalists—521 Carbonari— 26, 386, 389 Castilia— 372 Censorship— 258 Centralisation of the state—51, 237, 273,

274, 339-40, 400-01, 440 Chartism—68, 113, 114, 129, 153, 297, 473, 478, 572 Cherusci— 290 Church—4, 85

See also Clergy Civilisation—116, 212, 379, 423, 528, 573 See also Society, bourgeois Classes— 556

— class contradictions—-299, 494-95 — in antiquity — 153 — in feudal society — 153, 351, 519 — class rule —73-74, 147-48, 293, 378, 414, 444, 482, 495, 497. 556 — exploiting classes — 147, 300 — exploited, oppressed industrious classes — 3 , 147, 171, 330, 520-22 —- middle classes, strata and estates — 166, 497 — conservative — 55 — reactionary, counter-revolutionary — 55, 108, 504-05 — revolutionary — 520-21 — progressive — 373 — class hatred — 298 — abolition of classes in future communist society — 495 See also Bourgeoisie; Interests; Nobility; Peasantry; Working class Class struggle—152, 495

— in antiquity — 130, 153 — in feudal society — 477, 494, 520 — between proletariat and bourgeoisie — 147, 153, 265, 296-300, 324, 489, 495, 496, 522, 570 — and revolution — 147, 152, 297 — as political struggle — 489 — abolition of classes as condition for its cessation — 495 See also Chartism; June uprising of Paris proletariat in 1848; Revolution; Working-class movement (in Austria, etc.) Clergy— 4, 77, 348, 380, 519 Cologne Democratic Society—87, 562-65, 582-87 Cologne Workers'Association—4, 18, 178-79, 384, 393, 394, 464, 465, 558, 579-80, 586-88, 595^97 Colonisation of Slav lands by Germans— 65, 338-41, 343-44, 347, 350 Commerce, trade— 65, 334, 338, 340, 341, 342, 344, 372, 379, 468, 469, 513 Committee of Public Safety in Cologne— 450, 582-88 Communist League—3-4, 11-12, 15, 271, 272, 533-34, 535, 542, 552, 558, 582-89 — tactical principles in 1848-49 revolution— 3-4 — critique of Stephan Born's tactics — 271-72 — critique of Gottschalk's sectarian position — 542 — and petty-bourgeois democrats — 27-29, 48-52, 74-78, 82, 490-92

— associations in Belgium — 406 — associations in Germany — 535, 542 Competition— 573 Constitution

— constitutional issue in Prussia — 73, 74, 103, 431 — and division of powers — 204-05, 430-32 — constitutionalism of Prussian liberal bourgeoisie — 87, 116 — constitutionalism of German bourgeoisie — 289, 445 — constitutionalism of French bourgeoisie — 445 Contradictions, social—148-49 Convention of Jaroslawiec—346 Co-operation, co-operative movement—3 Corn Laws— 238, 281, 299 Corvée— 3, 245, 293, 308, 309, 328-29 Counter-revolution—108, 373, 377 Courts and legal procedure— 265, 325, 437 Cracow, Cracow Republic (1846)—166, 310, 339, 351, 374 Credit— 4, 224-25, 322-23 Crime— 334, 335 Crime, political— 96-97 Customs Union—236

D

Danish-Prussian war of 1848-50—34, 42, 43, 69, 107, 267-69, 389, 400, 421, 424 — and stand taken by Frankfurt National Assembly —34, 72, 389, 414, 425, 439, 440, 577-78 — and policy of Prussian Government — 43, 44, 191, 265, 267, 411, 425, 442 — and European powers — 43, 69, 253, 268, 310-77, 378, 425 See also Malm'6, negotiations and armistice; Schleswig-Holstein question Danube principalities—311, 474 Democracy— 55, 73, 76, 87-88, 108, 116, 129, 149, 167, 288, 324, 352, 354, 355, 373, 375, 400, 421, 440, 473, 562-65 — East-European — 351, 363, 373, 375 — bourgeois —27-30, 74, 75, 262, 365, 378, 403, 406 — petty-bourgeois —27-29, 403, 430 — revolutionary — 119, 149, 403, 437, 453, 558, 564-65, 586-90, 592 —- as form of social order and political system — 167, 373, 400 — noblemen's — 363 — peasant — 351, 363, 364, 375 Democratic congresses in Germany

— in Frankfurt am Main —288-89 — in Berlin —490-92 Democratic liberties—11, 73, 248-49 Democratic Society in Cologne—87-88, 384, 463, 556-57, 562-65, 582-88, 597 Denmark— 34, 42, 43, 422, 423, 424, 435, 446-47 See also Army (Danish); Danish-Prussian war of 1848-50 Despotism—11, 71, 209, 251, 321, 358, 372, 400, 494 Dialect— 372, 524 Dictatorship

— in accordance with a system devised by a single brain — 556 — military — 125-26, 133, 135-44, 148-49, 161-62, 170, 234, 376,429, 459, 482, 497, 513 — counter-revolutionary — 168 — revolutionary-democratic — 4, 50, 205, 237, 431-33 Diplomacy— 165, 307, 308, 310, 481 Division of labour— 573 Doctrinairism, doctrinaires—39, 147 Dues — 3, 117

E

Economic relations—51, 488, 494, 495 Economics and politics—329, 505 Education— 4 Emigration— 53-54, 65, 369-75, 408-09 England— 511

— English nation, national character — 300, 378, 405 — as leading capitalist power — 298, 379-80 — historical development, its peculiarities —298, 299, 300, 477 — in 1848 — 68, 108, 113-14, 296, 297, 377, 424-25, 481 — industry — 469 — agriculture — 469, 470 — landed aristocracy — 298-99

— finances, budget, taxes — 224, 468-70 — Parliament — 61, 216, 227, 381

— the press — 114, 129 — class contradictions — 488 — law on associations of workers (1825)—297 — pauperism — 296 — workhouses (Poor Law Bastilles) — 296, 573 — foreign policy — 108, 377 — and France —25, 372, 481 — and Germany — 165, 377, 425 — and Russia —308, 379 — and Schleswig-Holstein question — 424-25 — and preconditions and prospects for social revolution — 572 See also Anti-Corn Law League; Bourgeoisie, English; Chartism; Corn laws; English revolution of 1640-60; Free Trade; London; Scotland; Trade unions in England; Working class of England; Working-class movement in England English revolution of 1640-60—49, 206, 237, 437, 439 Epoch, bourgeois—262, 304 Equality— 334, 556 Estates, social— 39, 111, 166, 203, 260, 274, 566 Europe— 51, 52, 165, 237 Exchange— 339, 496 Exploitation—147, 148

F

Family— 4, 324, 519 Fatherland— 130 Federal Diet— 18, 49, 72, 109, 232-34 Federalism— 51 Feudalism— 3, 89, 245, 260, 268, 373, 444, 504 — feudal law —292 — and monarchy — 494 — towns, townspeople — 520 — classes, class contradictions — 519 — feudal barons — 260

— bourgeoisified feudalism — 51 — its downfall — 117-18, 290, 291, 292-95, 329-30, 350-53, 468 See also Aristocracy, landed; Burghers, Estates, social; Guilds, guild system; Jurisdiction, patrimonial; Knights; Landed property; Liege money; Monarchy, absolute; Nobility; Peasantry; Serfdom; State, the Flanders, the Flemish—406, 423 Foreign policy— 166, 167, 377, 481 France— 206, 236, 298

— territory, borders — 511-19, 524, 529 — natural conditions — 511-18, 525-29 — population —516, 524, 525, 528, 529 — formation of French nation — 372-74 — national character — 92, 405, 519 — economy —330, 468, 469, 512, 513, 515, 519, 520, 521 — agriculture — 468, 469 — vine-growing — 511-13 — legislation — 68, 124, 148,251,252,

308, 314 — usury —330 — finances — 224 — taxes — 469 — social and political system — 216, 227 — classes and class struggle — 493-95 — in the Middle Ages —326, 347, 372, 520 — under absolutism in 17th and 18th centuries — 347, 520 — during Thermidorian reaction and Directory — 161, 520 — during Consulate and First Empire — 209, 237, 250, 290, 308, 309, 396, 520, 521 — during Restoration — 96, 165, 178, 188, 262, 378-80, 493, 521 — foreign policy and diplomacy — 26, 110, 116, 165, 290, 308, 311, 377-80, 396, 480-81, 524 See also Bourgeoisie, French; French Revolution of 1789-94; French revolution of 1830 (July); July monarchy in France (1830); Napoleonic wars; Peasants, French; Revolution in France. Second Republic (1848-51); Working class of France; Working-class movement in France; Wars against Albigenses (1209-29); Wars of First French Republic

Frankfurt am Main—49-50, 443 Frankfurt National Assembly—16-19, 48-51, 72, 76, 92, 108, 109-10, 116, 232, 236-37, 239-41, 248, 249, 253, 288, 313, 383, 397, 472-73, 504-05, 565, 577-78 — and Imperial Regent —232, 253, 411, 413, 472-73, 504-06 — and democratic party — 27-29, 49-51, 87, 288-89, 364-65, 421, 490-92, 558, 582-85 — and petty-bourgeois democrats' policy — 27-29, 50-52, 74, 79, 82, 99, 179, 235-36, 288-89, 358-61, 371-81, 430, 439-40, 488, 490-92 — and democratic illusions — 248, 401, 488 — attitude to Mainz incident— 17, 50 — and stand on Polish question — 310, 337-81 — and armistice at Malmö — 413-15, 439-40, 421-25 — and Frankfurt uprising — 442-47 — and Vienna uprising — 457, 504 Freedom— 15, 20, 73, 92, 165-67, 209,

212, 248, 251, 260, 338, 375, 397, 496, 513, 564 — and the state — 289 — political —73, 239, 366, 377 — of speech —436, 438 — of assembly —437, 443 — of association —73, 239, 288 — of the press —77, 239 — of property — 293 — personal —264, 293 — constitutional — 264 — social — 366 — and working class — 74 See also Liberty, civil Free Trade— 272, 298, 300, 334, 377, 378 See^also Anti-Corn Law League; Protectionism French Revolution of 1789-94 — 26, 75, 147, 235, 376, 405-06, 495 — its character — 130, 147, 205, 237, 327 — abolition of feudal landownership — 89, 118, 294, 520 — political groupings — 161, 425 — role of masses — 49, 437 — and peasantry — 295, 519-20 — revolutionary wars, army, strategy and tactics — 396 — national (constituent, legislative) assemblies and their policy — 39, 49, 373, 438 — Convention —373, 432, 520 — and royal power — 425 — and Germany — 165, 309, 396 — and Switzerland — 26

See also Jacobin dictatorship, Jacobins French revolution of 1830 (July)—26, 39-40, 128, 143, 147, 262, 311, 380, 430, 493 See also July monarchy in France (1830)

G

Galicia— 396, 500 German Confederation (1815-66) — 20,42, 64, 77, 109, 266-68, 349, 353, 367 — and Federal Diet — 18, 49, 68, 72, 109, 232-34, 236, 249, 308, 312, 337, 408, 409, 413, 565 German Democratic Society (Paris) — 8 German philosophy— 29, 373, 375, 380

See also Hegelianism; Kantianism Germans— 28, 64-65, 92, 110, 166, 212,

339-40, 344-45, 349, 362, 378, 422 German Workers' Association in Brussels

(1847) — 406, 572 German Workers' Association in Paris— 572 German Workers' Club in Paris—9 Germany

— geographical situation and natural conditions — 513 — peculiarities of social develop ment —339, 340, 352, 556 — political development — 49, 51 — peculiarities of intellectual development — 373 — German national character — 166 — survivals of feudalism — 3, 51, 290-95, 309, 331-32, 352 — serfdom — 118, 245 — history — 5 1 , 99, 245, 290-91, 339 — and American War of Independence — 165 — French revolution of 1789-94 and Napoleonic wars — 165, 290, 308-09, 396, 425

— between 1815 and early 1848 — 20, 235-36, 237, 308-09 — and July revolution of 1830 in France — 311 — handicrafts — 339 — agriculture — 51, 274 — protective tariffs — 377, 378 — inland trade — 338 — foreign trade — 51, 339 — German philistines — 79, 81, 150, 189, 235, 339, 340, 352, 381, 423 — political system — 351 — suffrage — 3 — and unification problem — 3, 49, 51, 73, 77, 116, 235, 237-38, 269, 308, 312, 352, 377, 400-01, 414, 425, 440 — and Prussia — 286, 383, 392, 576-78 — political parties — 365 — bourgeois liberalism — 378 — democrats, democratic movements — 249, 365, 378, 462-65, 490-92, 558, 562-65, 570 — the press —270, 478, 575 — foreign policy — 165-67, 237, 287, 308, 345 — national policy — 92, 165-67 — and Denmark —422, 446, 577-78 — and England —165, 166, 377, 379, 424, 446 — and France — 116, 237, 341, 377, 378 — and Greece — 165 — and Holland — 165 — and Italy — 92, 166, 377, 396-98, 577 — and Poland —64-65, 92, 166-67, 338-59, 367, 577 — and Russia — 51-54, 93, 116, 167, 212, 237, 307-13, 345, 350-53, 424, 446 — and Slavs —91-93, 338, 400, 577 — and Spain — 165 — and Switzerland —165 See also Berlin; Bourgeoisie, German; Frankfurt am Main; Frankfurt National Assembly; German Confederation (1815-66); Germans; Holy Roman Empire of the German nation (962-1806); Literature; Nobility (German); Peasants, German; Petty bourgeoisie. German:

Prussia; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany, Schleswig-Holstein question; Working class of Germany Government securities—224-25, 580-82 Greece— 165, 307 Greece, ancient—512 Guilds, guild system—235, 331, 339

H

Handicrafts, handicraftsmen—235, 339, 349, 580 Hegelianism—156, 362-64, 487 History— 79, 372, 378

See also Analogy, historical Holland— 165 Holy Alliance— 165, 308, 309, 350 Holy Roman Empire of the German nation

(962-1806)—50, 253 Home policy—166, 167 Humanism, abstract—493 Hungary— 54, 165, 457, 458

See also Pest; Revolution of 1848-49 in

Hungary Huns— 387

I

Icarian communism (Cabet) — 8, 298 Icelanders—422 Ideas— 487, 494-95 Ideology, ideologists— 112, 375, 378, 496 Immigration— 339 Income— 282, 328-29 Industry— 296, 300, 334-35, 340, 342,

372, 379, 469, 482, 513 Insurrection of weavers at Lyons in 1834 — 130 Interests — 3, 147, 345

— class —40, 55, 378, 494 — material— 166, 376, 377, 484, 522, 535 Internationalism—11, 12, 166-67 — proletarian — 129, 444, 478, 572 Ireland— 68, 572 Italy— 388-89, 527

— economy — 372, 400, 511 — industry — 372 — commerce — 372, 511 — lumpenproletariat — 25, 142 — struggle for independence and un-

ification — 41, 306, 385, 387, 388, 396 — revolutions of 1820-21 and 1831 — 165, 389 — the press — 11-12 — the duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena —387 — and Austria — 41, 165 — and France — 110 — and Germany — 166, 167, 395-98 — and Switzerland — 305 See also Austro-Italian war of 1848-49, Carbonari; Lazzaroni; Lombardy and Venice; Revolutions of 1848-49 in Italian states; Sardinia (Piedmont); Sicilies, the Two (Naples)

J

facobin dictatorship, Jacobins—46, 130, 221, 376, 405-06, 495, 520 Jews, Jewish question—65, 197, 203, 338,

341-42, 347, 354, 371 July monarchy in France (1830) — 39-40

— its bourgeois character— 147, 262, 297, 513, 520-22 — industry — 513 — agriculture and agrarian relations — 469, 520-22 — finance —323 — commerce — 513 — home policy, internal situation — 38, 68, 111-12, 188 — Paris municipal guard — 138 — corruption of ruling classes — 323 — Parliament, Chamber of Deputies—-38, 111-12, 297 — the press — 187-88, 216 — September Laws on the press (1835)—15, 171, 250 — republican movement — 133, 158 — bourgeois republicans (National party)—144, 481 — Réforme party— 144 — dynastic opposition — 147, 168 — party of Thiers— 168 See also Insurrection of weavers at Lyons

in 1834; Society of the Rights of Man and the Citizen June uprising of Paris proletariat in 1848 — 124, 125, 127-28, 130-31, 132-

33, 143-48, 149, 151-54, 157, 163, 164, 170, 297, 427, 458, 522, 572 — as first decisive battle of working class against bourgeoisie — 143 — causes of uprising — 124, 148 — heroism of working class— 140-43, 163-64 — course of uprising — 121, 124-27, 130-43, 157-64 — and petty-bourgeois democrats — 144, 478, 493-95 — and peasantry — 524-25 — and German bourgeoisie — 151-54, 156, 297-98 — massacre of insurgents by bourgeoisie — 125-26, 132-33, 135-44, 147-49, 161-62, 170, 235, 376, 458, 481, 496, 514 — role of national and mobile guards in suppression of uprising — 125-26, 136-38, 140, 142, 143, 154, 505 — and the press — 155-56, 478-79 — and the proletarian press — 479 — influence on revolutions in France and Europe — 234, 440, 444, 445, 458, 504-05 — significance of its experience for development of art of warfare — 164 — its evaluation in the democratic press — 149, 480 Jurisdiction, patrimonial—118 Jurists— 94, 103, 196, 210, 301, 339

K

Kantianism—487 King, royal power— 380, 429, 474, 477,

494 Knights— 370-73

L

Landed property — A, 274, 322, 347-48,

467-70, 518-23 See also Mortgage Landowner—3, 4, 329 Landownership— 3

— petty peasant — 295, 470, 520, 521 — big —55

Language— 65, 341, 372

Law, laws— 68, 94, 97, 118, 171, 177, 196, 203, 209, 239, 240, 248, 249-51, 257-58, 293, 331, 427, 429, 431, 437 — feudal — 118, 292, 293, 295 — bourgeois —293, 330 — constitutional — 204, 428 — private — 103, 104, 318, 520-21 — civil — 103, 104, 292 — criminal — 102-03, 178, 187, 208-11 — Prussian — 183, 226, 250-52, 290, 318, 331, 342, 431 — public — 103, 104 See also Right, rights Lazzaroni— 325, 142, 259 Legislation—171, 299 Legitimism—147, 380 See also Monarchy Liberalism— 28, 87, 289, 329, 378, 445,

483-84 Liberty, civil— 258, 264, 437, 503-04 Liege money—117, 293 Literature— 153, 372, 422 Loans— 280, 319, 320, 483-84 Logic— 59, 60, 113, 114, 243, 298, 302 Lombardy and Venice—377 London— 49 London Communist Educational Society of

German Workers (1840-1918) — 572 Lorraine—423 Luddites— 297 Lumpenproletariat—25, 142, 505

M

Machinery— 573 Malmö, negotiations and armistice—253-55, 266-70, 287, 382, 411-14, 424, 425, 434-35, 439, 440, 442, 446-47, 577-78 Malthusianism—282, 573 Materialism, English—405 Material relations

— as economic relations — 51 — as basis of political system — 335 — material conditions of life — 495 Mercantile system—470 Military, the— 77, 197, 203, 261, 353,

376, 387, 430, 438, 445 Military art—161, 164 Mines, demand for their nationalisation— 3 Mode of production—495 Moldavia ( Moldova) — 311 Monarchy—116, 468

— bourgeois — 494 — bureaucratic — 36, 47, 205 See also Monarchy, absolute; Monarchy, constitutional Monarchy, absolute— 26, 39, 63, 165, 202, 205, 257, 262, 308, 353, 378, 386, 494 — in Prussia and Germany — 32, 55,

74, 80, 115, 202, 205, 234, 257, 262, 345-46, 350-51, 401, 503-04 See also Despotism Monarchy, constitutional—116, 204, 445, 476-77, 481, 484, 494 — in France — 481, 494 — in Prussia —37, 70, 74, 77, 116, 258. 401, 430, 476-77 Money, money circulation—4, 223, 225,

279, 322, 469-71 Monopoly

— political —298, 299, 473 — of capital —299 Morality, morals— 75, 81, 318, 324, 495 Moravia— 339 Mortgage— 467-71, 521, 523

N

Napoleonic wars— 42, 98, 131, 135, 308, 342-43, 380-81, 396, 425, 520 — and England —308 — and Germany — 98, 290, 308-09, 425 — and Russia — 308 See also Vienna Congress of 1814-15 Nation, nationality

— distinct language —339, 372, 375 — national character — 344-45, 423 — revolutionary — 92 — absorption of weaker by stronger nationalities — 372-73 — national feelings — 495 National debt— 54, 224, 319-20 National guard in France—124-27, 130-31, 136, 140, 142-43, 153, 154, 161, 478 — in Naples —24-25 Nationalisation in programme of democratic

revolution— 3-4

Nationalism, nationalist ideology—504 See also Scandinavia, Scandinavianism National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary—503 National question—92, 166, 351

— national oppression, its social roots and consequences — 92, 165-66, 196-98, 212-13, 350, 351, 353, 369 — fomenting of national hatred by ruling classes — 65, 104-05, 165-66, 212, 342, 400 — liberation of oppressed nations as component part of struggle for démocratisation — 11, 92, 166-67, 212-13, 350-52, 363, 375, 387, 403, 424, 564 — independence and equality of nations as condition for working class' liberation— 166-67 — and bourgeoisie — 166, 349, 402-03 — and working class —166-67, 403, 565 — and proletarian party — 11, 212 National workshops—4, 68, 148, 580 Natural science—488 Nineteenth century—299 Nobility— 153, 275, 343, 351, 353, 363, 369, 371, 373, 380 — its world outlook — 372 — in bourgeois society — 56, 380 — German —55, 56, 77, 118, 234, 262, 291-95, 425, 431, 445 — Prussian junkers — 74, 117, 327, 343-44, 351, 354, 368-70, 400, 412, 427, 448 — and Polish question — 343-45, 354 Normans— 372, 422 Norwegians— 422-24

P

Palatinate, the—330 Pandours— 109 Panellation— 343, 344, 468,521

See also Mortgage Paris— 49, 142, 153, 465-67, 512-14 Parliament—?,, 49-50, 174, 187, 193, 204, 227, 322, 324, 381, 437-38 Parliament, British— 61, 193, 216, 227,

381 Party, political —27, 75, 81, 400 Party, proletarian—297, 575 Patriotism—116, 166, 167, 236, 242, 279-80, 286, 494-95 Pauperism— 116, 259, 296, 321, 333-35,

482, 483 Peasantry— 354, 396

— serfs —260, 328 — in feudal society — 3-4, 353 — in bourgeois revolution — 119, 291-95, 444, 519-23 — under capitalism — 469 — peasant democracy — 363-65 — their conservatism — 519-23 — small peasants — 4, 330 — and bourgeoisie — 519-22 — and Bonapartist demagogy — 520, 522 See also Burdens imposed upon peasants;

Peasants, French; Peasants, German Peasants, French— 294, 330, 351, 519-21,

522, 525 Peasants, German—3, 4, 51, 117-18, 275,

328-32, 342, 343, 344 Peasants' anti-feudal movements during 1848 revolution— 117, 118, 444 People, popular masses—79, 119, 375, 387, 564 — as decisive force in revolution — 16, 73-74, 77, 79, 89, 96, 97-100, 118, 128, 136, 144-45, 149, 166, 169, 180, 212, 238, 262, 294, 430, 437, 438, 444, 488, 496-97, 504, 570 — popular sovereignty, rule of the people — 11, 16, 62, 73, 103, 245, 312, 376, 428 Pest— 339 Petty bourgeoisie— 300, 339, 423, 432, 445, 518-19 — German —4, 73-74, 274, 339-40, 344, 443 — French — 513 Piedmont—see Sardinia (Piedmont) Pits, demand for their nationalisation—3 Poland— 350, 351, 373, 375

— population —65, 339, 340 — Polish nation —350-51, 366, 372-73, 499 — social and political system — 351, 363 — economy —339, 356, 357

— agriculture — 363 — handicrafts, manufacture — 340 — landownership — 357 — serfdom — 356, 363

— aristocracy — 351, 355, 363 — nobility —342-44, 351, 353, 357, 363, 369, 373 — peasants —342, 343, 351,354, 357, 363, 364 — historical development — 339-40, 351, 373 — partitions of Poland — 64-65, 166, 196, 337-38, 340-41, 346, 348-54, 361, 363 — Constitution of 1791 — 351, 372 — and national question — 339-41 — classes, class struggle — 351, 375 — revolutionary, democratic movements — 312, 350, 351, 363 — participation of Poles in European revolutionary movement — 499 — interconnection between national and social questions — 350, 351, 352, 363, 366, 373, 375, 425 — agrarian revolution as precondition for success of national movement — 351, 363, 364, 375 — upsurge of liberation movement as a result of Prussia's defeat in 1806 — 342 — uprising of 1830-31 — 147, 196, 311, 351 — emigration — 375 — oppression and robbery by German ruling classes — 92, 104-05, 166, 196, 212, 258, 337-53, 354-57, 367, 435 See also Bourgeoisie, Polish; Cracow,

Cracow Republic {1846); Polish question; Posen Police — 111, 437 Polish question— 11, 166, 345, 350, 352,

363, 373, 379, 564 Politics— 148, 210, 363, 377, 381, 395,

444, 488 Portugal— 165, 311, 511 Posen— 47, 197, 338, 344, 356, 358, 361,

363 — Prussian colonisation — 342-43, 349, 357, 369 — Posen question in 1848-49 revolution — 64-65, 104-05, 195-98. 200.

201, 203-04, 210, 259, 311, 337-38, 339-43, 344-50, 352-76, 379-81 — uprising of 1848 — 65, 104-05, 107, 196, 200, 201, 215, 312, 320, 346, 351, 376 — reprisals of Prussian authorities against Polish insurgents— 180-81, 196, 251, 312, 345 — reorganisation of Posen — 64-65, 104-05, 345, 348, 349, 354 — proletarian party's stand on Posen

question —212, 350, 352, 366 See also Convention of Jaroslawiec Practice— 345 Prague uprising in July 1848—91-93, 107, 119-20, 212, 271, 313, 376, 421, 444 Preparliament—18, 68, 234, 239, 310, 408, 564 Press, the

— its essence and social role — 187, 252 — freedom of — 15, 20, 27, 73, 77, 248, 250, 251, 397, 437, 443, 486-88 — democratic — 129, 147, 167, 314

— of proletarian party — 575 — Neue Rheinische Zeitung, organ of democracy — 11-12, 129, 143-49, 163-64, 167, 271, 337, 364, 365, 496, 592 — police persecutions — 186, 188, 208-11, 383-84, 390-94, 455, 456, 485-89, 554, 555, 560, 566, 576, 590, 592 Principles and practice—28 Privileges— 245, 260, 274, 275, 291, 293,

309, 321, 331, 477 Production—3 Production costs—477, 573 Progress— 293, 350, 423 Property — 292-95, 297, 322-24, 329, 468-69 See also Landed property Proprietors (small) in countryside—274 Protectionism—297, 299 Proudhonism, Proudhonists— 321 -24 Provence— 372-73 Prussia— 336, 424

— Prussianism —20, 70, 74, 78-79, 241, 258-59, 274, 275, 337-59, 361, 363, 367, 431, 435, 567 — history — 94

— during the French revolution of 1789-94 and Napoleonic wars — 94, 290, 342 — reforms of 1807-11 — 118, 328 — between 1815 and 1847 — 311,339 — survivals of feudalism — 117-18, 262, 290-95, 327-32, 408, 409 — political system and constitution — 89, 170, 202, 203, 204-05, 235, 248, 261, 332, 350, 400, 409, 435 — rule of the military, militar-ism — 85-86, 258, 260, 262, 264, 284, 355 — legislation —73. 94, 97, 118, 171, 258-59, 274, 275, 318, 328, 332, 408, 409 — bureaucracy, officialdom — 74, 77, 104, 122, 200, 202-04, 209, 210, 236, 251, 259, 261, 274-76, 283, 342, 346, 354-56, 374, 383 — corruption — 122 — police system— 171, 248, 326, 392, 409 — finance, budget, taxes — 55, 219, 224-25, 296, 320, 326, 416 — District and Provincial Estates (diets) —274, 275 — electoral rights — 408 — question of Constitution — 73, 205, 311, 474 — the press —73, 239, 309, 314 — petty bourgeoisie — 260, 274 — peasantry — 117-18, 328-32, 343-44 — and Germany —77, 235, 242, 286, 383, 400-01, 414, 425, 439, 477 — claims to hegemony in Germany— 235 — and Poland —92, 166, 259, 320, 337-51, 354-58, 361, 363, 367, 373, 435 — and Russia — 115-16, 311, 350, 356, 446 See also Berlin; Prussian National Assembly of 1848,Rhine Province; Schleswig-Holstein question; Seehandlung Prussian National Assembly of 1848

— Right —53, 59-60, 68, 85-86, 99, 182, 183-85, 187-88, 190, 191, 192. 207, 230, 233, 241, 427-29, 430 — Left Centre and Right Centre — 107, 111, 174, 179, 183-85, 188, 191, 193, 417-19, 436-38, 466 — Left —75, 76, 78, 99, 188, 193, 199, 233, 240, 417-19, 436-38 — Agreement Assembly, theory of agreement with the Crown — 36-38, 45, 53-57, 59-61, 65, 66-72, 73-75, 76, 78, 83, 89, 96, 97, 117, 170, 180, 189, 194, 195, 199, 200, 216, 223, 232, 250, 273, 301, 428, 429, 431, 432, 466 Publicity— 209, 270, 325 Punishment— 318, 404-06 See also Crime

R

Railways, demand for their nationalisation— 4 Reaction— 379, 387, 480 Red flag— 131, 133, 235, 432, 444 Reform— 3-4, 39, 324 Reformation (in Germany) — 339 Religion—324 Rent of land — 3, 322, 329, 469 Repealers (in Ireland) — 68 Republic

— as form of state organisation— 149 — of nobles —372 — bourgeois, democratic — 3, 51, 116, 144-47, 149, 164,. 234-35, 386, 432, 469, 481, 484, 488 — proletarian ("red")—144, 440, 505, 586 — social —403, 522, 586 Republicanism, republican movement— 144-48, 444-45, 481, 488, 493, 495 Revolution— 118, 127, 237, 480, 523, 573 See also Revolution, agrarian; Revolution, bourgeois; Revolution, permanent; Revolution, proletarian; Revolution, social Revolution, agrarian—351, 363, 373 Revolution, bourgeois—16, 39, 90, 98, 233, 431, 444, 496-97 — significance — 494 — motive forces —73, 262, 494 — and working class — 3-4, 147, 403, 494, 522, 595 — task of proletarian party — 3-4, 535, 594, 597

— and the state — 167 — and survivals of feudalism in countryside — 89, 117-18, 290-95, 327-32 — need for uniting democrats — 556-57, 592 — as preparation of conditions for proletarian revolution — 4, 494 — and peasantry — 117-18, 291, 295, 351, 519, 520, 522 See also Bourgeoisie; Class Struggle;

Revolution, social Revolution, permanent—3-4, 73-75, 444 Revolution, proletarian—128, 147, 444

— its historical necessity — 148-49 — proletarian uprising as highest form of class struggle — 152-53, 297 — its radical difference from bourgeois revolution — 130-31, 147-48, 444 — as culmination of permanent revolution— 4, 444 — and need for revolutionary violence— 505 — its humane character — 139 See also Class struggle; June uprising of

Paris proletariat in 1848; Revolution, social

Revolution, social—152, 573 Revolutionary adventurism—8, 10, 404, 405, 487-89 Revolution in France. Second Republic (1848-57) — 128, 147, 488 — February revolution of 1848 — 68, 117, 128, 131, 137-38, 143, 144, 148, 429, 493, 513, 521 — Provisional Government — 124, 148, 202, 377-81, 473, 556 — Luxembourg Commission — 124 — Executive Committee — 144 — national guard — 121 — national workshops — 124, 148, 517 — popular uprising on May 15, 1848 — 513 — mobile guard — 125 — municipal guard of republic— 126 — dictatorship of Cavaignac (moderate republicans) — 402, 440-41, 444-45, 458, 473, 513-14 — National Assembly —68, 69, 138, 148, 149, 440 — Odilon Barrot Ministry — 480 — National party (moderate republicans)—168, 481 — Réforme party (Mountain of 1848) —375, 478, 493-95, 522 — petty-bourgeois Utopian socialist trends —321-24 — bourgeoisie —68-69, 128, 378, 379, 479-81, 503-04 — and working class, its role in revolution — 403, 570 ' — and peasantry —519-20, 520-23

— lumpenproletariat — 142, 505 — foreign policy of Second Republic — 110, 402, 480-81 — influence on European countries — 403, 441, 443, 445 — and prospects for revolution's development — 440-41, 499, 505 See also June uprising of Paris proletariat in 1848; Proudhonism, Proudhonists Revolution of 1848-49 in Austrian Empire

— uprising in Vienna on March 13, 1848 — 13, 440, 491 — revolutionary action of Viennese on May 15 and 26, 1848 — 79, 119, 120, 457 — revolutionary action of Viennese on August 23, 1848 — 402, 477, 571 — camarilla —498-99, 504 — development of class contradictions — 444 — bourgeoisie —442, 457, 496-97, 503-04, 570, 598 — peasantry — 505 — working class — 570, 572 — students — 503 _ army —91-93, 119-20, 376, 387, 396 — national guard — 503 — liberal Government — 92-93 — Imperial Diet — 79, 503, 570 — national question —92-93, 119-20, 396, 503-06 — and Italy — 41, 92, 136, 376, 385-87, 395-97, 402-03, 427, 457, 487, 496 — and Hungary —457-58, 496, 498-99, 503

— and Slavs —474, 498-99, 504. 505 — and Poles — 501 — and Czechs —91-93, 107, 119-20, 212, 271, 313, 376, 421, 444, 457, 498, 504 — and Russian Tsarism — 313, 505 See also Austro-Italian war of 1848-49; Vienna Uprising in October 1848 Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe—441, 445 — its preconditions and character — 445 — its beginning — 26 — conditions for its victory — 403 — and working class — 443-44 — counter-revolution and reaction — 376, 403, 443-45, 472-73, 503-05 — and Russia —93, 104-05, 107, 112, 115-16, 212, 307-13, 351-58 — and England — 108, 377 — and world war —93, 116, 212-13, 237-38, 352-53, 421-22 — and shedding of democratic delusions—-131 — and destinies of Utopian socialism — 147 Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany— 294 — its preconditions — 73-75 — March revolution — 16, 117-18, 248, 253, 294, 377, 395, 407, 408, 409, 445, 474, 476, 489, 494, 504 — adventurist march of German legion — 8, 10, 487-89 — bourgeoisie's position — 40, 108, 262, 288-89, 293, 425, 444, 496 — big bourgeoisie's policy — 74, 77, 108 — liberals in power —28, 344-50, 414 — role of working class in its development — 47, 271, 272, 462-64, 535-36, 572, 595, 596 — and peasantry — 294, 440, 441 — and peasant movement — 308,440, 441 — and liberals' agrarian policy — 441 -— and petty bourgeoisie — 19, 273 — and national policy of German governments —82, 166-67,212-13, 409-12 — and national unification of the country — 3 , 51, 116, 233-38, 287, 399-400, 464 — and Poland —64-65, 92, 196, 212, 272, 339-80, 409-13, 419-23, 499, 562, 564-65 — and national movement in Schleswig-Holstein — 42, 253-55, 265-68, 419-23, 437 — influence of workers' June uprising in Paris — 152-56, 170 — influence of October uprising in Vienna —458-59, 470-71, 473, 490-92, 496, 499, 504, 505 — and Russia —53-54, 90, 106, 110, 115-16, 212, 306-12, 350-52, 422 — and England — 422 — and Italy —92, 109-10 — and Prussia's role — 115-16, 236, 266-67, 273-74, 285, 236-37, 382-83, 398-400, 409-13, 419, 423 — counter-revolutionary offensive — 15, 16-18, 20-23, 28, 68, 240, 248-49, 287-88, 351, 353, 402, 425-26, 429, 441, 442, 443, 455, 470-71, 503 — causes for revolutionary forces' defeat — 294, 438, 441-43, 455 See also Baden republican uprising (April 1848); Communist League; Federal Diet; Frankfurt National Assembly; Preparliament; Revolution of 1848-49 in Austrian Empire; Revolution of 1848-49 in Prussia; Schleswig-Holstein question Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary—457-58, 473, 496, 498-500, 503, 505 Revolution of 1848-49 in Prussia

— its preconditions — 73-75 — March revolution — 16, 27, 31, 36, 39-40, 45, 71-78, 80-81, 89, 97, 179, 202, 209-12, 240, 294, 302, 307, 318, 399-404, 422, 463, 515 — Berlin uprising of March 18, 1848 — 399-401 — Mainz incident— 17-19, 20-23, 249 — storming of Berlin arsenal (June 14, 1848)—89, 96-100, 400 — bourgeoisie's position — 28, 40, 74, 80, 107, 108, 262, 294, 427, 431 — big bourgeoisie's policy — 55, 73-

75, 77, 85 — liberals in power —30-33, 36-40,

42-45, 53-55, 66-67, 82, 85-86, 96-97, 107-08, 111-12, 118, 170-74, 176, 187-94, 199, 216-22, 226-31, 250-52, 256-65, 278-86, 290-94, 316-20, 329, 417-21, 427-33, 436-38, 466 — Camphausen Ministry — 30-40,43-45, 57, 62-63, 66-67, 73-75, 79-80, 89, 96-97, 104-08, 194, 202, 419, . 431-32, 466 — Hansemann-Auerswald Ministry— 111, 112, 170-76, 179-85, 194-95, 199, 201-07, 216-22, 257, 259, 261, 265, 275-76, 277, 279-81, 284-86, 291-92, 317-18, 320, 382, 416, 417-19 — Pfuel Ministry —448, 466, 473, 476-77 — role of working class in its development — 46, 271, 272, 462-64, 535-36, 572-95, 596 — and peasantry — 295, 320 — and peasant movement — 118,291, 292, 293, 309, 432 — liberals' agrarian policy — 89, 117-18, 290-95, 327-32 — nobility, junkerdom — 97-100, 107, 108, 262, 289, 425, 427, 431, 458 — and Rhine Province — 399-401, 567 — and Poland —47, 57-58, 92, 104-05, 107, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200-03, 210, 212, 259, 311, 319-20, 341-81, 435 — and national movement in Schleswig-Holstein — 42-44, 266-69, 411-15, 421-25, 435, 439 — influence of Vienna uprising — 390-91, 475, 477, 499, 500 — counter-revolutionary offensive — 15, 17-18, 20-23, 28, 45, 46-47, 68-71, 74, 94-95, 107-08, 112, 177-79, 186-88, 194, 208-11, 250-52, 274, 275, 355, 383-84, 393-94, 420, 426-28, 430-33, 458, 473, 474, 499, 504, 505 — events in Cologne in September 1848 — 427-28, *450-55, 462-65, 591 — and the Prussian military — 17-19, 20-23, 46, 47, 69-71, 104-05, 107, 166, 180-81, 183-84, 227-30, 257-58, 400, 442, 443 — and demand for refusal to pay taxes —286, 416, 477 See also Cologne Workers' Association: Democratic Society in Cologne; Prussian National Assembly of 1848; United Diet Revolutions of 1848-49 in Italian states

— tasks — 11, 167, 387, 403 — and lumpenproletariat — 25, 143, 259 — in the Two Sicilies — 24, 26, 68, 473, 480 — in Lombardy and Venice — 109, 110, 386, 397, 487 — events in Milan — 130, 136, 376, 385, 387, 395, 396, 481 — and Charles Albert's policy — 41, 385-89, 395-96, 402 — in Tuscany — 385 — in papal state — 385 — in Parma and Modena — 386-87 — and Europe —402-03 — and Austria — 136, 376, 395-97, 402 — and England —402, 480, 481 — and Germany —92, 109-10, 167, 212, 395-98, 403, 421, 424 — and German people — 11, 167 — influence of Vienna uprising in October 1848 — 457, 473, 487, 496 — and France —25, 26, 110, 402, 403, 480, 481 See also Austro-Italian war of 1848-49; Lazzaroni Rhine Province— 71, 122, 290, 309, 317,

325, 330, 342, 367, 390-92, 401, 500, 558, 567 Right, rights

— feudal — 118, 292, 293, 295 — bourgeois —293, 330 — historical — 355, 370, 379, 380 — patrimonial — 4, 520 — right to property — 292-95, 520 — of citizenship — 407-09 — of historical evolution — 423 — of association —73-74, 239, 248, 288, 289 — electoral — 3 , 408, 424 — political — 257 See also Law, laius

Right to work— 321-24 Rome, ancient— 33, 75, 130, 142, 153,

235, 259, 304 Russia

— internal situation, home policy — 53, 312 — foreign policy, diplomacy — 308, 350, 505 — and Austria — 350 — and England —379, 424 — and Germany —34, 51, 68, 90, 104-05, 107, 110, 112, 166, 191, 212, 237-38, 307-13, 345, 351-53, 425 — and Prussia — 115-16, 356, 425, 432 See also Holy Alliance; Napoleonic wars; Slavs, Slavonic question; Tsarism

S

Sanfedists— 25 Sardinia (Piedmont) — 41, 385-89, 395-

96, 402 Scandinavia, Scandinavianism— 422-23 Schleswig-Holstein— 424 Schleswig-Holstein question—377, 424, 446, 577-78 Schools, educational system—357 Science— 3, 144, 152, 156, 323, 324 Scotland— 329-30 Seehandlung—54, 55-56, 229 Serfdom— 118, 153, 245, 260, 292, 293,

294, 328, 329, 330, 350, 363, 519 Sicilies, the Two (Naples) — 24, 26, 68-69,

473, 480 Silesia— 117, 328 Slav Congress in Prague—91 Slavery— 130, 153, 259 Slavs, Slavonic question—351-53, 373

— peculiarities of socio-economic development — 338, 375 — revolutionary-democratic movement — 91-93, 107, 119-20, 212, 271, 313, 376, 421, 444, 498 — conservative national movements— 474 — assimilation and centralisation — 93 See also Colonisation of Slav lands by Germans; Poland Slovanskâ Lipa—498 Socialism, Utopian— 147, 298

See also Proudhonism, Proudhonists; Weitling's principles Social relations—342, 363

— and production — 470, 495 — and property relations — 469 — and classes, relations between classes — 495 — and family relations — 519 — and social consciousness — 494, 495 — their historical character — 468 — bourgeois —468-70, 494-95 Society, bourgeois— 108, 139, 147-49, 152,

153, 279, 297, 303, 444, 471, 506 See also Social relations Society of the Rights of Man and the

Citizen—133 Sonderbund— 396 Sophistry— 196 Southern French, the—372 Spain

— geographical position and natural conditions — 511 — finance — 224 — classes and class struggle — 380 — history — 135, 166, 311 — and France — 135, 166 — and Germany — 165 — and Russia — 311 See also Castilia Sparta— 512 Speculative ideas (speculative philosophy) —

486 State, the— 3, 4, 20, 73, 171, 229, 234,

248, 261, 279, 280, 281, 401, 410, 432, 437, 445 — and society — 471 — and class struggle — 151 — and revolution —201, 204-05, 428, 444 — bourgeois state — 151, 167, 202, 203-06, 279, 297, 330, 430-31, 477 State power— 204, 432 State property—3-4 Stock Exchange— 223-25, 279 Strikes and strike movement—297 Strikes as form of proletarian class struggle—297 Svornost— 213 Swedes—422

Switzerland— 25, 26, 165, 235, 377, 527 See also Sonderbund

T

Tariffs— 299, 334, 377, 378, 573 Tax«—3, 118, 283, 286, 323, 416, 469, 477, 573 Tenant system, tenant farmers—3, 521 Ten-hour working day—299 Territorial question (dispute over frontiers)— 340, 346 Terror— 432

— revolutionary — 506 — in French Revolution of 1789-94_376, 405-06, 520 — of ruling classes — 138, 505 Theory of agreement (of Prussian liberals)— 62-63, 72-75, 77-79, 83, 107-08, 430-33 Thirty Years' War— 120, 202, 212, 237, 238, 346 Tithes— 3, 309 Town and country—46, 56, 65, 235, 268, 275, 339, 340, 353, 520, 527-29 Trades— 65, 331, 338 Trade unions in England—297 Transport, demand for its nationalisation— 4 Trier—171 Trieste— 109 Truth—156 Tsarism— 54, 166, 308, 311, 349-50 Turkey— 307 Tyrol— 397

U

United Diet— 32-33, 36-37, 39, 74, 220,

238, 311, 422, 429 Universal suffrage—3, 48, 424 Uprising, armed—144, 163, 164

See also June uprising of Paris proletariat

in 1848 Usury— 330

V

Vienna Congress of 1814-15— 338, 339, 343, 380, 565 Vienna uprising in October 1848—457-58, 472-73, 477, 480, 487, 490-92, 496-505, 595, 598

W

Wage labour—573 Wages— 573 Wallachia— 311 Wars

— and bourgeoisie — 414-15 — and revolution — 237, 424, 444 — and working class — 421, 424 — revolutionary wars — 147. 200, 237, 297, 352, 414, 421 — civil wars — 147, 200, 237, 297, 352, 404, 405 — national liberation wars — 352 — wars of conquest, aggressive wars —339 — colonial wars — 161 — and revolutions of 1848 — 47, 50-51, 116, 237, 239, 352-53, 379, 424, 428, 432 See also Austro-Italian war of 1848-49; Danish-Prussian war of 1848-50 \ Napoleonic wars; Wars of First French Republic Wars against Albigenses (1209-29) — 372 Warsaw— 339 Wars of First French Republic—42, 1'65, 396, 404, 425, 520 Weitling's principles—558-59 Wends— 82, 497, 500 Workers' Congress (Berlin, August-September 1848) — 271

Working class — 4, 518, 573

— monopoly of capital as main cause of its struggle against bourgeoisie — 299 — significance of its concentration in industrial centres — 296 — as motive force of revolution — 73, 74, 143, 147, 444, 494, 521 — and national liberation movement — 11, 166-67 — and peasantry — 523 Working class of Austria—457 Working class of Belgium—334 Working class of Bohemia— 119 Working class of England— 296-98 Working class of France— 132, 133, 140,

141, 143, 148, 149, 163-64, 297, 493, 495, 513, 517 Working class of Germany—4, 73-74, 166-67, 271, 426, 573, 595 Working class of Prussia—84-86, 260, 274, 500 Working-class movement in Austria—401 Working-class movement in Bohemia—91-

93, 107, 119-20, 212, 271, 313, 376, 421, 444, 457, 498, 504 Working-class movement in England —

297-99 See also Chartism; Luddites; Trade unions in England Working-class movement in France—130-

31, 158, 298 Working-class movement in Germany—47,

89, 271, 289, 580 World market—224

Y

Youth, bourgeois— 144, 334, 335, 513