Subject Index

A

Abolition (Außebung)—47-48, 49, 50, 51, 64, 77, 78-80, 205, 218 Abstraction— 3-5, 29, 83, 87, 155, 175,

183, 326, 510, 517, 534 — and reality —99, 229-30, 281, 284, 291, 293, 302, 305-06, 362, 417, 430, 458, 464, 469, 538 — and history —29, 37, 50, 61, 89, 130, 138, 144, 172, 302, 511, 532 — abstract and concrete — 317, 430, 469, 503 — as a characteristic feature of idealism, metaphysics and religion — 99, 116, 159, 171, 176, 196, 262-63, 281-82, 305-06, 510, 534, 538 — mystification of the dialectics of the abstract and the concrete in the philosophy of Hegel and his followers — 89, 98-99, 100, 105, 130, 138, 172, 174, 175, 193, 237, 251, 317, 414, 468, 469, 481 — abstract categories, concepts — 41, 275, 362, 447 — abstract theory, science — 458,498-99 — abstract thinking — 4, 7, 263-64 Accumulation—63, 68, 69, 79, 86 Activity of people—4, 7, 50-52, 55, 64, 74, 81 — as a premise of human history — 31, 36-37

— basic aspects of social activity — 41-45, 50 — material, productive, practical — 3-8, 35-37, 40-41, 45-46, 63, 82 — spiritual, mental, theoretical — 3, 6, 45, 63, 82 — estrangement of social activity — 47-48, 52 See also Intercourse, Labour, Practice, Production, Self-activity Aesthetics—485 Afghanistan—546

Agriculture—32-34, 38, 63, 69, 75, 390 Alexandrian school of philosophy—142

Alienation (estrangement) — 46-53, 76-80, 88, 230, 245, 281-82, 301, 350, 396, 486 — religious self-alienation — 4, 7, 159 See also Activity of people America

— discovery of — 50, 70 — Indians —225 — South America — 80 Analogy— 475, 480, 530

Analysis—5, 8, 57 Anatomy—440 Ancient Egypt— 55, 136 Ancient Greece—34, 83, 138-43, 187, 251, 347, 417, 512 Ancient Greek philosophy—136-43, 154, 417, 512

See also Alexandrian school of philosophy, Cyrenaic school, Epicureanism, Neo-Platonism, Scepticism, Sophistry, Stoicism Ancient Rome— 33-34, 40, 84-85, 89, 90-91, 137, 140, 141-43, 187, 277, 318, 358, 363, 390 Ancient society— 33-34, 84, 89-90, 92 Ancient World— 33-34, 40, 67, 83-85, 89-90, 92, 136, 137, 138-44, 189, 432 See also Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome Animal

— and man — 31, 44, 161 Antithesis—see Opposition Appearance, illusion—28, 30, 36-37, 39, 46-47, 55, 60-61, 74, 78, 83, 87, 90-91, 127, 130, 141-42, 154, 184, 195, 222, 242, 246-47, 264, 266, 267, 275, 278, 279, 281-84, 297, 298, 300, 316, 334, 397 Aristocracy—46, 59, 60, 221, 342 Arithmetic—156 Art — 66-67, 92, 394 Asceticism — 417, 419 Association — 78, 354, 361, 414-15 Astronomy— 394, 540-42, 548-49, 553, 555-56, 560-61, 570, 573, 574 Atheism— 141-42, 300 Atom — 139, 141, 283, 459

B

Babouvism—210, 226, 461, 553 Banker— 85, 384 Banks—72

— Bank of England — 411 Barbarians— 34, 67, 84, 225, 342 Barbarism (epoch) — 33, 64 Basis and superstructure—35-37, 48, 50, 53-54, 81-82, 89, 329-30, 373, 412-13, 462, 550 Being

— and consciousness — 24, 35-37, 43-45, 128-29, 246, 250-51, 262, 287-89, 330, 429, 434 — and essence — 13, 58, 77, 264, 511-12 — actual being —49, 82, 269, 283

— being determines consciousness 36-37 Belgium — 360 Berlin — 361, 572 Bible— 120, 534

Bills of exchange— 399 Botany—440, 461 Bourgeoisie—73, 76-77, 221-23, 229, 410-14 — big —70, 71 _ petty —70, 71, 217, 230, 271, 303,

378, 381, 417, 469-70 See also Bourgeoisie in England, Bourgeoisie in France, Bourgeoisie in Germany, Bourgeoisie in the Netherlands, Bourgeois society, Capital, Capitalist, Civil society, Classes, Competition, Family, Interests, Landed property, Law, Private property, State, Working class

Bourgeoisie in England—119, 193, 196, 200, 249, 411-12, 455, 546, 557 Bourgeoisie in France—61, 119, 193, 195, 196, 200, 335, 351, 409-12, 455, 520, 557 Bourgeoisie in Germany—23, 112, 119, 129, 193-96, 200, 201, 237, 314-15, 411, 430, 457, 557 Bourgeoisie in the Netherlands—194, 411 Bourgeois political economy—86, 229-30, 392, 409, 412-13 — Physiocrats — 409, 412 — classical (Smith, Ricardo) — 72, 392, 403 — vulgar (Senior) — 360 — petty-bourgeois — 373 Bourgeois society— 52-53, 72-74, 78-79,

80, 88-89, 181-82, 200, 213, 250, 256, 290, 348, 354, 361, 363, 408, 409, 415-16, 430, 513, 550 Bureaucracy (officialdom)—195, 225, 348 Brain, human—36, 537 Bremen — 194 Byzantium — 204

C

Cabetism (Cabet's system) — 226, 461,

462, 519-29 Capital— 34, 49, 50, 54, 63, 64-65, 66,

68-70, 72-73, 77, 85-86, 89, 91, 93 Capitalist — 40, 69, 74, 408

See also Bourgeoisie Carthage—83 Caste system. — 5 5 Categorical imperative—254, 292 Categories—29, 53, 58, 126, 301-02, 317 Catholicism — 170 Cattle-raising—33, 89 Cause — 65, 66, 75, 84, 86, 136, 154, 162, 181, 187, 205, 219, 269, 351-52, 395-97, 304-05, 464, 467, 547, 558 — cause and effect —63, 175, 283, 304, 305, 352, 370, 376, 416-17, 447, 462, 465, 508 Celts — 364 Chance—see Necessity and chance Chartism — 207, 217, 226, 461, 466, 566 Chemistry— 27, 40, 110, 141, 186-87 China —51, 165, 369 Christianity — SO, 136-37, 143-44, 145-46, 151,' 152, 153, 154, 188, 189, 211, 220, 254, 304, 449, 510 Church — 170-71, 557 Circulation—66, 68, 70, 72, 73 Civilisation—63-64, 84, 181, 204, 205,

342, 388, 531, 538 Civil society — 5, 8, 42, 49-50, 53, 89-90,

342 See also State

Classes— 32-35, 40, 47, 52-53, 59-61, 64, 66-67, 68-69, 73-80, 90, 92, 129, 176, 194-95, 197, 200, 219-20, 222, 245, 289-90, 293, 329-30, 343, 354, 359, 371, 395, 411-13, 417, 419, 431, 432, 439, 455, 462, 469, 540, 542, 546, 559, 567, 572

— production and division of society into classes — 40 — division of labour and division of society into classes — 32-33, 46, 52-53, 64, 66-68, 77-78, 80, 86, 436 — in ancient society — 33, 64, 66-67 — in feudal society — 33-35, 66-67, 68-70, 74, 90, 92, 176, 343 — in bourgeois society — 52, 68-70, 76-77, 206, 219, 222, 343, 413, 418-19 — division of labour within a class — 59-63, 76-77, 92 — and the state —46-47, 53, 78, 81 — class interests —46-47, 77, 80, 90, 194-95, 245, 334, 342, 371 — class relations —32-33, 69-70, 73-74, 78-79, 418, 436-37, 462 — class rule —33-35, 47, 52-53, 77-79, 89-91, 92, 200

— ruling class and ruling consciousness — 59-62, 289, 292, 328-30, 334, 355, 356, 418-19, 432 — revolutionary class — 47,52-53,60-61, 178, 194, 289 — and social estates — 32-33, 60, 77-80, 89-91, 200 — abolition of classes as a result of communist revolution — 47, 53, 61, 77 See also Bourgeoisie, Class struggle, Individuals, Nobility, Peasantry, Working class Class struggle—47, 52, 61, 74, 77, 176, 361, 366, 371-72, 419, 436, 567 — class struggle of the proletariat — 47, 52, 74, 217, 219 Clergy— 35, 44, 178, 220, 516 Cognition—109, 155, 192, 197 Collision—60, 74, 81, 98-99, 136, 286-87, 407, 420, 432 Colonies— 70, 83, 308, 411 Commerce—see Trade Commoner— 79 Commune (medieval) — 224 Communism (theories and trends) -— communist movement — 49, 52-53, 54, 81, 213, 214, 215, 220, 226, 229, 255, 264, 292, 323, 354, 455, 456, 461, 469, 520, 531 — bourgeois — 226, 469 — German— 107, 215, 232, 455, 457,

459, 462, 466 — English —216, 455-56, 461, 466 — French —217, 226, 455, 456, 459,

460, 465, 466, 468 — Swiss — 537 — as described by bourgeois and petty-bourgeois ideologists — 205-15, 218, 229-30, 247, 389 See also Communism, scientific, Materialism, Revolution, proletarian Communism, scientific—38, 41, 49, 51-54, 81, 213, 214, 218-19, 225, 229, 246, 255, 264, 324, 354, 394, 439 Communism (social formation) — 4, 5, 7, 8, 47-49, 51-53, 54, 61, 64, 75, 77-79, 80-81, 82, 87-88, 255-56, 292, 394, 438-39, 537 — development of productive forces as a material premise of communism —48-49, 52, 54, 64, 65-66, 80, 87-88, 289, 381 — necessity of proletarian revolution 38-39, 41, 48-49, 51-53, 54, 87-88 — necessity of proletarian dictatorship — 47 — abolition of private property — 48, 51, 64, 75, 77, 86-88, 439, 469 — public property —87-89, 482 — abolition of the class division of labour — 45, 77-78, 380, 438-39 — abolition of classes — 47, 52-53, 60-61, 77-78 — and the state —46-47, 80, 212 — abolition of the antithesis between town and country — 64, 76 — creation of the material conditions of communist society — 81 — regulation of production — 41, 47-48 — communal domestic economy — 76 — transformation of labour into self-activity — 51-53, 77-78, 80, 87-88, 205 — abolition of occupational isolation of individuals — 47, 88 — real liberation of men — 38, 51, 78-81, 435, 439 — real unity of society — 5, 8, 47-48, 60-61, 77-78, 83, 88 — and the individual —77-78, 80, 86-89 — conscious organisation of the joint activity of people — 47-48, 51-52, 78, 79-81 — subordination of the development of society to a general plan of freely associated individuals — 83 — alteration of people — 4, 7, 52-53, 87-89 — transformation of the family — 4, 7, 76 — removal of religious notions from people's consciousness — 4, 7, 53-54, 55-56 — its international, world-historical character — 43, 50-52 Communism, Utopian—see Babouvism, Cabetism, Weitlingianism

Community (Gemeinde) — 33, 34, 64, 364 Community (Gemeinschaft)

— illusory and real —46, 78, 80, 83

Community (Gemeinwesen) — 34, 63, 85-

86, 88-90, 92, 143-44, 364, 365 Comparison — 440-41 Competition—27-28, 34, 49, 61, 65, 67, 69-73, 74-75, 77-78, 85-86, 89, 91 Concept (Begriff) — 24, 45, 61-62, 81, 92,

100, 157, 159-60, 190, 195, 196, 237, 288, 326, 341-42, 363-64, 429-30, 433 See also Conception, Ideas Conception (Vorstellung) — 23-24, 29-30,

36, 45-47, 55-56, 77, 126-27, 130, 133,

159, 182-84, 233, 235, 245, 271, 287, 363-64, 420 Conclusion— 175, 420, 481 Connection — 35, 42-44, 45, 62, 65, 82, 87, 145, 183, 274, 396, 413-14, 418, 426, 433, 437-39, 450, 456, 516, 520 Conquest— 33, 34, 67, 84-85, 390 Consciousness — 29-31, 35-37, 43-45, 52-54, 56-58, 59, 62, 74, 81, 83, 89, 92-93, 109, 136-37, 154, 183-84, 245, 249, 252, 257, 271, 282, 290-93, 307-08, 378-79, 383, 410, 419, 423, 431, 439, 472-73, 479-81, 514 — and being — 23-24, 35-37, 43-45, 128-29, 246, 250-51, 262, 287-89, 330, 430, 433, 456 — as a social product — 5, 8, 44 — and language — 36, 44, 446, 449 — forms of social consciousness — 29, 36-37, 54, 92 — its production — 36-37, 43-45, 51, 59 — revolutionary — 52, 60, 469

See also Reason, Self-consciousness, Thinking Constitution—196, 346 Consumption — 45, 515-18 Contemplation—254, 295

— contemplative character of Feuerbach's materialism — 3-8, 38-41, 57-58 Content and form — 55, 180, 185, 194, 195-96, 230-31, 255, 262, 292, 295, 320-21, 332, 385, 412-13, 418, 462 Contradiction (Widerspruch) — 4, 7, 13, 45-46, 52, 59, 63-64, 74-75, 79, 82, 84, 98-99, 111, 139-40, 195, 245, 274, 287-88, 356-57, 358, 405, 429, 436, 515, 516 See also Collision, Opposition Co-operation — 371-72 Corn Laws in England—64, 98, 325, 353 Corsica—378 Cosmopolitanism—470

— bourgeois — 159, 194 Country

— separation of town and country 32, 64, 76 — antithesis between town and country — 32-35, 64-65, 374, 401 — in the Ancient World — 33, 84 — in the Middle Ages —33-35, 65, 68-69, 73 — in modern times — 69, 71, 73 — abolition of the antithesis between town and country — 64, 76 Court and legal procedure—162, 316, 342-43 Crafts, craftsmen—34, 65-66, 72, 73, 79,

218, 462 Crime—330 Criticism — 28-30, 41, 54 Cult— 29, 198, 363 Customs Union—411 Cyrenaic school—417

D

Debt, national—72, 361 Deduction—56, 57, 478-79 Democracy—46, 333 Determination, definition — 46, 50, 57, 124, 156, 169, 170, 184-85, 195-97, 240-42, 245, 247-48, 254, 257-58, 260-61, 266, 279-80, 284, 286-87, 290-91, 298, 301-302, 306, 307, 309-11, 321-22, 324, 328-29, 337, 340, 342, 366, 368, 381, 395-96, 399, 464, 481, 510 Development— 31-93, 102, 114-15, 131, 132-33, 136, 138-39, 144-45, 154, 193-94, 196, 214, 225, 240, 246, 254-56, 262-64, 278, 281-82, 283, 292, 293, 297, 299, 316, 323, 330, 343, 352-54, 355, 356, 364, 369, 374, 387, 393-94, 409-14, 417-18, 419, 424-25, 432, 434, 436-38, 440-41, 461, 464, 468, 473, 475-77, 480, 482, 492, 505, 516, 532 Dialectics — idealistic — 124-25, 153, 156, 193, 253-54, 302, 325, 508

—- Proudhon's serial dialectics — 530 Dictatorship of the proletariat (the conquest of political power by the proletariat) — 47 Discoveries (great geographical discoveries) — of America and the sea route to India —70 Distribution

— of labour — 40, 46, 52, 63 — of the products of labour — 46 — of ideas — 59, 446 Dividends — 356

Division of labour— 13, 32-33, 35, 44-48, 51, 52, 55, 59-60, 62-68, 72-73, 77-78, 80, 88, 92-93, 123, 246, 259, 262, 292, 295, 329, 342-43, 357, 363, 374, 390, 395-96, 397-401, 415, 419, 424-25, 434, 436, 483 — and development of the productive forces —32, 93 — and forms of property — 32-35, 45-46, 86, 93, 367 — natural —32-33, 44, 45-46, 73 — social and its consequences — 44-48, 77-78, 92-93 — and division of society into classes

32-33, 46, 52, 64, 66-68, 77-78, 80, 86, 436-37 — within a class —59-60, 62-63, 77, 92 — division of material and mental labour — 44-45, 59-60, 62-63, 447 — and separation of town and country — 32, 64-65 — and separation of commerce and industry —32, 33, 35, 66-67 — between the various towns — 67 — between countries — 32, 33, 51

— in primitive society — 33, 44, 387 — and the caste system — 55 — in ancient society — 33 — under feudalism — 35, 66-67 — and the rise of manufactures — 67 — and large-scale industry — 73 — abolition of the class division of labour —45-46, 77, 438 — and competition — 370-72 — and art —393-94 See also Private property Dogmatism—31, 106-07, 108, 138, 246, 364, 367, 434, 462 Domestic economy—76 Duties—69-73, 94, 196, 199, 200 See also Protectionism

E

East Indies—69 Economic crises—518 Economic relations—112, 196, 400, 412-13 Eighteenth century—57, 60, 71, 72, 81, 151, 181, 190, 359, 410, 411 Emancipation —113, 193 Empirical, the — 31, 35-37, 39, 43, 45, 48-49, 51, 62, 83, 130, 136, 137, 146, 154, 159, 176, 178, 180, 198, 204, 216, 223, 236-37, 246, 250, 256, 260, 262-63, 277, 281-82, 289, 302, 303, 305, 319, 321, 326, 330, 353-55,-537 Empiricism — 37, 144, 455 England— 84, 86, 91, 369, 445

— in the Middle Ages — 69, 84, 204, 353 — 1688 revolution ("Glorious Revolution") — 72-73, 213, 409 — industrial and trade monopoly — 71-73 — industry —40, 51, 68", 69, 70, 72, 75, 194, 411-12 — agriculture and agrarian relations —48, 351 — finances —330-31, 361, 399 — national debt — 330-31, 557 — taxation — 366, 557 — science — 72 — law —90-91 — labour legislation — 366 — Church of — 557 — and Ireland —249, 351 — sea power — 71, 411 — colonial monopoly — 70, 411

See also Bourgeoisie in England, Chartism, Corn Laws in England, English bourgeois revolution of the 17th century, English, the, English philosophy, Nobility in England, Tories, Working class in England, Working-class movement in England Enlighteners— 139, 141, 198,409-10,543

English bourgeois revolution of the 17th

century— 72-73, 409 English, the—441 English philosophy— 132, 172, 192 Enjoyment—417-19 Epicureanism—139-43 Epoch — 37, 40, 53, 55, 56, 59, 60, 62, 70,

75, 83, 84, 88, 129, 145, 246, 330, 342, 350, 356, 372, 380, 413, 415,418, 438, 455, 532 Equality— 60, 479

Essence— 4, 7, 98-99, 102, 110, 121, 157-58, 159-60, 167, 169, 208-09, 215-1-6, 234, 238, 243, 264-66, 276-78, 282-83, 365, 369-70, 474 — and being — 11, 58, 77, 264, 511 — and appearance — 158, 221, 359, 430 See also Being, Man Estates, social— 33, 34, 35, 61, 66, 69, 70,

77-79, 81, 90, 93, 195, 196, 200, 210, 222, 418, 462 Estrangement—see Alienation Exchange (Austausch) — 40, 43, 48, 63-64,

69 See also Trade Exploitation— 408-13 Expropriation— 357

F

Family— 4, 7, 33, 43, 46, 50, 63, 81, 180, 362, 512-13 — in primitive society — 75, 161 — in slave-owning society — 137, 143 — in bourgeois society — 180, 181, 340, 356, 372 See also Communism (social formation) Farm-hands— 354, 392 Feudalism— 34-35, 65-70, 76, 79, 83-85, 89-91, 92, 93, 176, 222, 277, 314, 327, 335, 342, 363,390,410,412,415, 417 Feuerbachianism — 3-13, 28, 39-41, 57-58, 97, 98, 100, 101-02, 103, 106-09, 115, 134, 192, 234-38, 460, 486, 491, 492, 512, 572 Fichte's philosophy— 98 Finance, financial system—72, 73 Flanders—67 Force (mechanical)— 187, 292, 421 Form of intercourse {Verkehrsform) — 32, 45, 50, 53-54, 74, 80-84, 85, 92, 183, 193, 390, 438 — and production — 32, 43-45, 50, 53-54, 81-82, 92, 213, 329, 355 — production of the form of intercourse — 43-44, 82 — contradiction between the productive forces and the form of intercourse as the basis of social revolution — 74, 81-83, 380, 432 Forms of existence— 51 Fourierism— 226, 415, 461, 462, 481,

492, 510-18, 551 France—57, 86

— in the Middle Ages — 91, 146, 204, 220, 334-35, 405 — in the 18th century — 411, 525 — in the period of the First Empire — 195, 277, 353 — under the Restoration (1815-30) — 514 — economy —388, 411-12 — industry — 68, 71 — agriculture and agrarian relations 48, 351 — duties — 557 — finances —359, 411-12 _ law —91 — science — 48, 394

See also Bourgeoisie in France, French bourgeois revolution of the late 18th century, French, the, French philosophy, July 1830 revolution in France, Napoleonic wars, Nobility in France, Press, Working class in France, Working-class movement in France French bourgeois revolution of the late 18th' . century— 27, 50,61, 73, 143, 146, 154, 178, 179, 181, 184, 193, 196, 197, 198-200, 204, 207, 208, 212, 338, 353, 379, 402, 409, 412, 510, 514, 526-28

French, the— 412, 417, 441, 525 French philosophy—57, 138, 417-19 Freedom — 60, 119-20, 205, 225, 241, 256, 261, 273, 279, 280, 301-15, 401, 431, 433, 440, 459, 465,476,481, 490, 505 — conditions for the real liberation of man —38, 51, 78-81, 434-35, 439 — of the individual —372 Friction—422

G

Geographical environment

— as a material condition for the existence and development of society— 31, 38, 41-42, 374

Geology— 31, 38, 374, 465, 476 German philosophy— 23-31, 36, 38-39, 40-41, 47, 51, 55-58, 124, 129-31, 132, 144, 147, 171, 172, 175, 184-85, 192-97, 209,-212, 215, 225, 232-37, 255, 270, 273, 285, 300,321,366, 371, 372, 406, 447, 455-57, 460, 469, 483, 486, 491, 514, 533

See also Feuerbachianism, Hegelianism, Kantianism, Old Hegelians, Schellingianism, Stirnerianism, Young Hegelians Germans (ancient) —34, 86, 188, 342,

364, 390 Germans— 23-24, 86, 441, 467, 470 Germany— 23-30, 38, 43, 44, 55-57, 62, 85, 86, 111-12, 181, 193-96

— economy — 196 — industry — 194 — railways — 304 — agriculture — 194, 352, 390 — political situation — 89-90, 194-96 — Junkers— 194 — Napoleonic rule — 195 — war of liberation (1813) — 51 See also Bourgeoisie in Germany, German philosophy, Germans, Peasant War in Germany (1524-25), Prussia, Tugendbund, Working class in Germany Gnosticism — 95, 117 Goal, aim—40, 50, 87, 97, 184, 215, 242-43, 289-90, 470, 486 God, gods— 23, 120, 235 Gold—see Metals Gravity— 295 Guilds, the guild system—34, 65-70, 73, 222, 370

H

Haiti— 309 Hamburg—194 Hanse—194 Hegelianism— 24-27, 28-30, 42, 55-56, 59-62, 98-101, 105, 115, 121-22, 129, 133-34, 149-50, 153^54, 160, 168-69, 171-76, 182, 184-85, 192, 203, 234-36, 242, 272, 283, 305, 319, 326, 336, 337, 348, 353, 410, 434, 511, 513, 530 See also Old Hegelians, Young Hegelians Historical approach— 38, 39, 78, 81-83, 102, 129, 153-54, 174, 180, 246, 410, 425-26, 438-39, 456, 462, 479, 512, 516 Historical science—28, 31, 37, 41-43, 54-57, 60, 62, 92, 144, 394 History

— of nature and of human society — 28 — premises of human history — 31, 37, 41-42 — its real basis —41-42, 50, 53, 145 — primary historical relations — 41-45 — continuity of the historical process 50-51, 53, 82-83, 251, 438 — its transformation into world history — 49, 51, 73 — role of violence in —84-85, 321, 322, 324, 329, 363, 364 — empirical (real, material) history — 176, 184, 221 — no independent history of the superstructure — 37, 91, 154, 330 See also Idealism, Materialist conception of history Holland— see Netherlands Holy Alliance—361 Housing — 38, 48, 75 Humanism— 105, 259, 458, 466-67, 510,

521, 526, 548 Humanism, r « / (communism] — 51, 107 Humanity—see Mankind Huns— 94, 187 Hypothesis— 42, 141

I

Iceland— 83 Ideal— 49, 88, 124, 138, 245, 260, 283,

292, 305, 419, 420, 429, 431, 479 Idealism — 3, 6, 24-27, 102, 120, 128, 131-34, 144, 145, 170, 192, 212, 239-40, 275, 301 — idealist conception of history — 24, 28, 36, 41, 45, 50-51, 53-57, 60-62, 77, 84-85, 88-89, 108-09, 130-34, 137-38, 144-45, 157, 160, 164, 168, 169-70, 171-74, 175-78, 183-84,

190-91, 221, 234, 252, 269, 293, 299, 532 — the ideal —51, 59, 88, 118, 124, 136, 144, 176, 184, 189, 197, 209, 223, 245, 248, 283, 287, 288, 293, 306, 328, 378-81, 419, '532, 538, 549 See also Abstraction, Hegelianism, Mysticism, Speculative philosophy Ideas — 23, 24, 36, 50, 54, 61, 74, 78, 82, 91, 99, 130-31, 133, 160-61, 177, 179, 181, 183-84, 190, 196, 241, 252, 255, 274, 284, 287, 293, 342, 348, 363, 378, 379-80, 420, 430, 431, 446-47, 456, 462, 466, 468, 475, 533, 538 See also Idealism Ideology— 24, 28-29, 36-37, 42, 45, 73, 77, 78, 109, 179-80, 196, 232, 255, 274, 282, 287, 292, 298, 300, 304, 330, 335, 347, 353, 373, 378-79, 420, 421, 437, 456, 460, 469, 514, 540 — German — 19, 24-30, 45, 111, 246, 255, 295, 311, 453-57, 459, 466, 467, 515 — its kinds — 36 — ideologists —45, 60-61, 92, 99, 133, 172, 176-77, 183-84, 196-97, 230, 295, 311, 326, 330, 341-42, 348, 351, 355, 420, 447, 457, 462, 468, 532 India— 51, 55, 193, 445, 546 Individuals, the individual— 80, 101-02, 121, 128, 150, 154, 193, 228-31, 241, 246, 247, 250, 260, 263, 277, 281, 284, 286-88, 292, 301, 304, 305, 317, 319, 321, 334, 342, 348, 351, 355, 359, 361, 362, 363, 367, 372, 375, 377, 379, 380, 389, 393, 394, 396, 399, 404-05, 408-14, 417-19, 424-25, 436, 438-40, 446-47, 456, 459, 467 — their existence as a premise of human history — 31, 36-37 — and classes —31-33, 59-62, 64-66, 74-80, 90, 129, 218-19, 289, 290, 329-30, 334, 342, 420, 437 — and society —4-5, 7-9, 38, 41, 42-52, 63, 73, 77-83, 85-93, 219, 245, 254, 255, 262, 390, 400-01, 437-38, 464, 476, 479, 480, 559 — and nature — 139 — and the state —329-31

See also Labour, Man, Personality, Stirnerianism Industry— 32-35, 38, 39-43, 58, 63-64, 67, 70-75, 77, 85, 89-90, 92, 93 See also Crafts, Industry, cottage, Industry, large-scale, Manufacture Industry, cottage—35, 68, 73 Industry, large-scale—64, 67, 72-74, 85-86, 89, 220, 519 Instruments of labour—32, 67, 86 Instruments of production—63-64, 87 Interaction—28, 40, 44, 49, 50-51, 53, 71-72, 424, 475, 477 Intercourse (Verkehr)

— its necessity — 11, 12, 44 — and production —32, 36-37, 38, 49-50, 51, 63, 66-70, 81-89, 91-92 — material —36-37, 45, 87-89, 234, 240, 245, 263-64, 276, 356, 395, 408-11, 417, 436, 441 — mental — 36, 365 — internal —32, 431 — external, international — 32-33, 67, 70, 75, 393 — universal, world-wide — 49, 61, 67, 87, 371, 401 —commercial — 39, 67 — relations of — 81, 410 — mode of — 39, 43, 88 — means of — 52 — and language — 44 — and communist revolution — 88 — relations of production and intercourse — 154, 176, 189, 203, 209, 354, 384, 387, 396, 417 — conditions of production and intercourse — 256, 376, 418 — mode of production and intercourse — 159, 247, 367, 373, 418 — organisation of production and intercourse— 256 See also Form of intercourse Interests— 178, 309, 371, 385, 392

— material — 195, 415 — particular, private and common, general —46-47, 60-61, 74, 83, 90, 179, 194, 196, 245, 247, 273, 293 — class —46-47, 77, 80, 90, 194-95, 245, 334, 342, 371 — bourgeois —73, 90, 179, 194-95, 201, 222, 258, 314, 357, 371, 557 — personal — 125, 128, 244-45, 247, 293, 342 — common, general — 159, 222, 329, 354, 357

— private — 356 — of town and country — 32, 33, 64, 76 — local —56, 196 — guild — 65 — and duties — 213 — egoistic (according to Stirner) — 248, 252, 259, 318 — party — 457 Internal and external, the—308-09, 333,

511 International relations — 343 Interpretation (philosophical) — 5, 8, 24,

30, 100, 102, 192, 395, 404, 406, 515 Inventions — 51, 58, 67, 159, 302-03 Ireland— 249, 312, 351, 366, 378 Italy — 40, 67, 84, 91, 361, 393

J

Jacquerie—204 Jews— 180, 369 Joint-stock companies—356, 371, 411, 415 Judaism — 382 Judgment— 142, 285, 289 July 1830 revolution in France— 196, 569

K

Kantianism— 193, 195-96

L

Labour—13, 32-33, 34-38, 40, 42, 43, 45-46, 49, 52, 63-68, 73, 77-80, 83, 85-88, 215-16, 218-19, 292, 418, 459-60, 481-83, 537 — as a premise of human history — 42 — as the basis of man's sensuous world — 40 — conditions of — 86-87 — mode of — 32-33, 76, 79 — productive — 393 — organisation of — 394, 482 — and forms of property — 220 — and private property — 34, 63-67, 85-87 — and capital —34, 49, 63, 64-65, 66, 73, 86 — its domination over individuals — 63, 64, 79 — transformation of labour into self-activity — 52, 77-78, 80, 87-88, 205 See also Division of labour, Instruments of labour, Production Labour-power—46, 49

Land—230 Landed property—63-64

— in primitive society — 32-33, 63, 89 — ancient — 33, 84, 89, 93 — feudal —34-35, 69, 79, 89, 93, 200 — bourgeois —48, 91, 93 — big — 353-54

— small —353-54 — transformation into industrial property — 352 Landowners— 354 Language— 36, 38, 44, 46, 85, 231, 277, 426, 446, 447, 449 — and consciousness — 36, 44, 446, 449 Law, right, legislation—29, 36, 62, 83, 89-93, 315-18, 319-26, 355, 366 — as a superstructure — 36, 89-93, 318-19, 326-27, 328-31, 341-42, 354, 355-56, 361-63, 419 — right and might — 321, 322, 323-24, 328, 363 — right and will —328-30 — barbarian — 342 — Roman —89-91, 137, 318, 330, 363 — feudal —342 —club-law —342 — old German —342 — bourgeois —222, 232, 362 — English —202, 204, 322, 330 — French — 146, 202, 204, 322, 339-40, 363 — German — 571 — Prussian —339-40, 571 — right of ownership — 210 — right to property — 208 —civil law —90, 91, 209, 318, 322, 329 — family right — 210 — right of inheritance — 146, 361-63, 501, 502, 508 —criminal law — 329 — maritime law —91 — rights of man— 197, 210 — political —209, 358 — franchise — 46 — citizenship — 217

— right to work — 514 — legislation —36, 90-93, 328-31, 334-35, 419 See also Court and legal procedure, Crime Laws—277

— of nature —286, 442, 533 — of society — 533 — of thought — 286 Legislation—see Law Leipzig— 558 Liberalism—111-12, 195, 196-97, 198, 201, 202, 208, 232, 301, 346, 455, 540, 572 Lock-out—387 Logic — 81, 150, 153, 184, 186, 206, 211, 215, 223, 229, 240, 241, 265, 275, 287-88, 290-93, 297, 304-05, 313, 321, 326, 551 — Hegelian —30, 121, 154, 337 — formal — 139, 287, 289 Love—41, 100, 512 Lumpen-proletariat—84, 202 Lutheranism— 170 Lyons — 374

M

Machines—38, 40, 51, 52, 68, 72-73, 76,

230 Magnetism—283 Man

— his physical, corporeal organisation — 31-37, 42, 43 — and nature —28, 31, 36, 39-40, 44, 50, 54-55, 58, 63, 186, 480-82 — and animal — 31, 44, 161

— his essence — 4-5, 7-8, 23, 54, 58, 61, 100, 104, 160, 184, 225, 234, 459-63, 468, 479, 482, 486, 514, 518 — and society — 183, 214-15, 474-75, 479-80 — man in general —29, 38-41, 61, 77, 88, 91, 100, 183, 360 — Feuerbach's category "Man" — 29, 39, 57, 61, 100-04, 105, 146, 192, 235-37, 366, 486 Manchester—40, 374

Mankind, humanity— 5, 8, 119-21, 166-

67, 389, 426, 489, 490, 499, 566 Manufacture— 67, 73, 89, 93, 370, 411 Market

— home —28, 68, 71 —colonial — 71 — world —28, 49, 51, 69-73, 387 Masses— 49, 54, 60, 176, 178, 224, 323 Material, the— 24, 32, 36-37, 45, 62,

81-82, 87, 136-37, 143, 160, 162, 176-77, 195, 221-22, 235-36, 247, 254-55, 318, 325, 328, 354, 357, 361, 363, 395, 410, 411, 415, 419, 465, 479, 514, 533, 549, 553 Material conditions of the life of society

— 31, 36-37, 41, 54, 75-82, 183, 288-89, 417, 419-20, 455, 462, 479 — as a premise of history — 31, 36-37 Materialism — 3-11, 27, 38-42, 62, 136,

144, 235-36, 301, 306, 319, 424 — and communism — 5, 8, 38, 41 Materialist conception of history—28, 74-

75, 84 — its premises —31-32, 37, 41-42 — its essence —35-37, 53-54, 82-83 — its conclusions — 50-53 Mathematics—124, 151, 156, 275, 485, 513 See also Arithmetic Matter

— and consciousness — 44, 105-06, 459-60 Means of communication—66-67, 73, 75, 76, 303, 353, 371, 374 Means of production—59, 65, 84 Mechanics — 72, 186, 422 Mediation — 90, 240 Merchants — 34, 66-67, 68, 70, 71 Metals, precious—70-72 Metaphysics (in the old meaning, as part of philosophy) —36, 51, 121, 182,430, 458, 468-69, 476 Method—62, 105, 126, 151, 156, 179, 197, 225, 280, 283,294,296,299,326, 341, 363, 410, 456, 474,511,530,535 Middle Ages— 33, 64-67, 72, 89, 154,

170, 174, 176,202,220,327,371, 418, 431 See also Feudalism Migration of the peoples—85, 143 Mode of production — 31 -32, 36, 43-44, 45,

51, 53, 61, 84, 88, 90, 181, 245, 326, 370, 390, 432, 516 — and of intercourse— 159, 247, 367, 373, 418 Monad—442

222

— absolute —46, 59, 90, 92, 194, 195, 200, 201, 314, 411, 417 —constitutional — 347-48 Monetary crisis—395-97 Monetary system — 398 Money — 52, 63, 66, 69-73, 221

— definition (essence) of — 410 — universal means of exchange — 396 — contradictions of money — 396-98 — metal —399 — paper — 399 — the most general form of property — 230 — accumulation of — 361 Monopolies (colonial) — 70-71 Morality— 11, 29-30, 36, 45, 53, 73, 92,

178, 180, 247, 250, 254,284,289,292, 320, 322, 366, 373, 375-76, 378, 381 — as a superstructure — 36, 45, 53, 92 Mysticism (as a feature of idealist philosophy) — 5 , 8, 12, 24, 28, 35, 51, 134, 253, 266, 464, 469, 473, 481, 483, 491, 520, 532-33, 538 Mythology— 108, 549

N

Napoleonic wars—136, 195 Nation—28, 32, 45, 51-52, 56-57, 64, 67, 69-73, 83-86, 89-90, 129, 194, 196, 201, 343, 412, 415, 419, 426, 435-40, 462, 470, 492 Nationalism, bourgeois—196, 470 Natural science—29, 40, 72, 73 92 139-41, 143, 185-86, 190, 307 ' 419 422, 496 ' Natur«—5, 99, 105, 139, 143, 187, 286

442, 471-74 — and human history — 28, 31, 36,

39-40, 44, 50, 54, 55, 58, 63, 144,

186, 253-54, 437, 474-76, 479, 481. 482 Navigation — 72, 352 Necessity and chance—36, 41, 44, 51-53,

64, 65, 67, 80, 85, 247, 292, 303, 363, 376, 385, 397, 438 Needs— 11, 13, 33, 34, 39, 42-44, 65-67,

72, 75, 82, 83, 84, 112, 256, 289, 303-04, 354, 411, 429, 432-33, 437, 455, 476, 536-38 — law of the negation of negation — 305 Neo-Platonism— 138, 139, 142, 143 Netherlands— 194, 361, 374, 411

See also Bourgeoisie in the Netherlands New Zealanders— 225 Nobility— 34, 46, 59-61, 76, 78-79, 91,

222, 417, 418, 432, 516 Nobility in England— 194, 546 Nobility in France—194, 335 Normans—83

O

Objectification (Versachlichung)—78, 245 Old Hegelians —SO, 98 Opium wars— 166 Opposition, antithesis (Gegensatz) — 27, 33-35, 36, 60,64, 76, 80, 95, 97, 100, 128, 132, 136-37, 144, 157, 172, 192-93, 213, 218, 246, 248, 254, 445, 458-59, 460, 462, 464, 466, 469, 474, 477, 479, 480-82 — between the classes — 60, 78, 204, 431, 438, 469 See also Contradiction Overproduction—see Economic crises Owenism — 7, 216, 461-62 Oxygen—422

P

Parcel, panellation—354 Paris—411 Parties, political— 208, 462, 466, 490, 566 Party, proletarian— 57, 323, 455-57 See also Revolution, proletarian, Working class Patriarchalism — 32, 65, 69, 195, 387, 410 Pauperism—202, 366 Peasantry— 353-54, 390

— in the Ancient World — 33 — in the Middle Ages —34-35, 66, 68-69, 79 — in modern times — 68 Peasant war in Germany ( 1524-25) — 194 People, nationality — 49, 159, 278-79, 377 Perception — 44 Personality— 77-82, 87-88, 98-100, 228,

235, 245, 273, 283, 332, 372-73, 376, 378, 436, 437, 44?

440

Philosophy— 28, 45, 101, 145, 171, 196, 236, 250-52, 293, 461 — as a superstructure — 36, 54, 282, 330, 449 — its subject — 37

See also Abolition, Abstraction, Aesthetics, Alienation (estrangement), Ancient Greek philosophy, Appearance, Basis and superstructure, Being, Categories, Cause, Concept, Conception, Connection, Consciousness, Content and form, Contradiction, Criticism, Development, Dialectics, Empirical, the, English philosophy, Essence, Form of intercourse, French philosophy, German philosophy, Idealism, Individuals, Interaction, Intercourse, Logic, Man, Materialism, Matter, Metaphysics, Method, Necessity and chance, Negation, Opposition, Personality, Philosophy of Nature, Possibility, Practice, Quality and quantity, Reality, Sensuousness, Single, particular and general, Speculative philosophy, Spirit, Subject and predicate, Substance, Theory, Thinking, Truth Philosophy of nature — 11, 186 Phoenicians— 67 Physics— 40, 110, 141, 186, 441, 472 Physiology— 187, 513

Pietism— 533 Plants— 471, 476 Plebeians — in Ancient Rome —33, 84, 358

— in the Middle Ages — 35, 65 Police— 201 Politics— 119, 288, 322, 361, 371, 410, 492 — its origin — 64

— as a superstructure — 29, 35-36, 62, 74, 82, 90, 92, 363, 380, 462 — political relations — 36, 67, 372, 412 — political ideology —29, 42, 347 — political activity —82, 161, 193 — political struggle — 74 — political power —47, 112, 200, 222 — economics and politics — 69, 72, 84, 90, 176, 194, 196, 356, 358-59, 401, 412, 503 — idealist conception of — 29, 42, 43, 55, 57, 305, 330-31, 514 Population

— growth of population, its role in the development of society — 31-35, 43, 44, 64, 66-68, 70, 84 Positive philosophy—98

See also Schellingianism Possession — 89, 209, 538, Possibility—67, 80, 303, 330, 397

— and reality — 45, 255, 383, 430 Practice— 3-8, 12, 38, 44-45, 47, 49, 51-

58, 60, 62, 63, 81, 91, 126, 136, 176, 180, 235-36, 291-93, 379, 409, 455, 492 — and consciousness — 44-45, 54, 56, 62, 287-89, 410 — revolutionary — 3-8, 38, 53, 58, 215, 255-56, 289-90 Pragmatism—58 Premises—28, 29, 31, 48-50, 60, 63, 64,

68, 81, 83, 184, 235, 364, 400, 412, 434, 439, 455 — of the materialist conception of history — 31-32, 37, 41-42 — of the communist transformation of society — 49, 52, 54, 64, 65-66, 80, 87, 88, 289, 381 Press (French) — 546-48 Primitive society—32-33, 42

See also Barbarism, Tribe Principles — 24, 27, 91, 139, 170, 171, 175, 196, 200-201, 246-47, 314, 458, 478, 537, 550 Private property — 230, 364, 368

— and the division of labour — 46, 64-65, 72, 77, 367 — its necessity at a certain stage of development of production — 63, 64-65 — its material conditions — 354 — forms of its existence — 230-31 — in antiquity — 33, 89, 90 — in feudal society — 33-34, 65-66, 89-90 — in bourgeois society — 34, 63-64, 72-73, 85-86, 89-90 — movable and immovable — 33, 68, 70, 79, 89, 90-91 — and isolated domestic economy — 75 — and the state and law — 89-92, 319, 321-22, 354-62 — contradiction between the productive forces created by large-scale

industry, and private property — 64, 73, 85-87, 355, 438-39 — abolition of private property by communist revolution — 48, 51, 64,

75, 78, 87-88, 438-39, 469 Privilege—70, 210, 327, 437 Process—530 Production — 99, 108, 186, 206, 231, 303,

316, 363, 394-95, 413, 420, 431-32, 437, 466, 513, 516-17, 518 — its necessity — 40-42, 85, 161, 188 — and intercourse — 32, 36-37, 38, 49-50, 51, 63, 66-70, 81-89, 91-92 — material production of means of subsistence — 31-37, 40-43, 45, 50, 51-54, 55-56, 59, 63-74, 81-82, 84-85, 87, 89, 183, 355 — of needs — 42-43, 82 — of people — 43 — of the form of intercourse — 43-47, 82 — of consciousness — 36-37, 44-45, 51, 59 — its regulation under communism — 41, 47-48 See also Industry, Instruments of production, Labour, Means of production, Mode of production Production relations—34, 35, 81, 189, 195, 200, 214, 363

— relations of production and intercourse — 154, 176, 189, 203, 209, 354, 384, 387, 396 See also Civil society, Form of intercourse, Intercourse Productive forces — 32, 34, 36, 40, 43, 45, 48-50, 52, 54, 67, 73-76, 80-89, 93, 159, 211, 304, 330 — and the division of labour — 32, 93 — and form of intercourse (social relations)—36, 43, 50, 52, 81, 82, 84-85, 89, 230, 355-56, 437 — contradiction between the productive forces and the form of intercourse — 45, 52, 85-86, 293 — contradiction between the productive forces and the form of intercourse as the basis of social revolution —74, 81-83, 381, 431-32 — and the continuity of the historical process — 50, 53-55, 82 — their development as a material premise of communism —48-49, 52, 54, 63, 76, 80, 87-89, 289, 381 Profession—47, 62, 88, 92, 379, 419 Progress—82, 83 Proletariat— see Working class Property—46, 63-65, 228-32, 355-56, 364 — property relations — 68, 83, 89, 91, 181, 189, 357, 362, 363, 400, 407 — forms of property — 32-34, 48, 63, 74, 85-86, 89-90, 93, 220, 358, 364, 367, 389-90 — tribal (family) —32, 34, 89, 364, 390 — ancient communal and state property — 33-34, 89, 93 — feudal or estate (in particular, corporative)—33-34, 64-66, 69, 78-79, 89, 93 — bourgeois (modern private property)—77, 90-91, 93, 356, 361 — and communism — 87, 230 — relation of state and law to property — 89-92 See also Landed property, Private property Prostitution — 559 Protectionism—69, 71, 72, 73, Proudhonism, Proudhonists—216, 225, 529-30 Prussia— 181, 190, 213, 335, 375, 402,

532, 545 Psychology—511-12 Purchase and sale—230, 231

Q

Quality (property) —294-95 Quality and quantity — 32, 46, 68, 71, 123, 257-59, 392, 418-19

R Race—31, 425 Railways—160, 304, 356 Reality

— idealist conception of reality — 50, 53, 538 — materialist conception of reality — 3, 6, 31, 36, 53-54, 162, 236 — as human practice — 3, 6, 36, 37, 42, 51, 274 — cognition of reality — 236 See also Appearance, Possibility

Reason ([Vernunft) — 60, 101, 102, 122,

196, 208, 256, 458, 479 Reason, understanding ( Verstand) — 137,

142, 146-47, 154, 307, 511 Reflection (Abbildung) — 23, 36, 196, 209,

287, 370, 374, 475 Reflection (Reflexion) —183, 251, 253, 256-69, 278, 282, 287, 290-91, 296, 305, 308, 313, 341, 410, 440, 480-81 Reformation—171, 194 Relation—43, 91, 294, 363 Religion—139, 178, 205, 214, 285, 418, 492, 532 — as a superstructure — 36, 44, 45, 53-54, 55, 82, 91, 92, 102, 154, 159-60 — and the distinction of man from animals — 31 — its origin — 53-54, 55-56, 93 — natural religion (deification of nature)—44, 155 — and the caste system — 55 — in antiquity — 92, 141 — in feudal society — 35, 92, 170 — in bourgeois society — 56, 73 — conditions of its abolition — 4, 7, 53-54, 55-56 — idealist understanding of religion by Young Hegelians and "true socialists"—23-24, 29-30, 38, 42, 43-44, 55-56, 514 — Feuerbach's view of religion — 4-5, 7-8, 13, 23, 29-30 See also Clergy Rent—91, 230, 231, 352 Rentier—78, 206, 218, 464, 516 Republic— 346, 347 Research — 57 Revolution—$-8, 27, 51-54, 60-61, 73, 83,

88, 210, 214, 377-81, 514 — as the driving force of history — 54 — contradiction between the productive forces and the form of intercourse (production relations) as the basis of social revolution — 74-75, 81-83, 380, 431-32 — social — 372 — bourgeois — 222, 310 — in philosophy — 27 See also Emancipation, English bourgeois revolution of the 17th century, French bourgeois revolution of the late 18th century, Revolution, proletarian Revolution, proletarian, communist—38, 41, 48-49, 51-54, 57-58, 60, 80-81, 88, 214, 218, 220, 289, 290, 381, 438-39 See also Class struggle, Emancipation, Revolution, Working class Right—see Law Romanticism, reactionary — 314 Russia — 539

— peasant unrest — 378

S

Saint-Simonism — 226, 232, 464, 468-

69, 475, 481, 493-510, 535 Saxony—557, 577 Scepticism— 132, 136-38, 141-43 Schellingianism—134, 192 Scholasticism—3, 6, 113, 147 Science — IS, 28-29, 37, 55-56, 72, 92,

121, 137-39, 164, 174, 383, 387-88, 394, 409, 412, 441, 455-56, 458-59, 464, 467, 475, 482, 486, 490, 495-96, 498-99, 503, 506, 522, 540, 552, 572 Scotland—146 Sect—456 Self-activity (Selbstbetätigung) — 82, 87-88,

409 Self-consciousness—29, 40, 51, 52, 54, 55,

62, 94-101, 104-05, 109, 115, 154,

160, 388, 473 Semblance — see Appearance Sensation—39 Sensationism — 492, 521 Sensuousness, sensuous world, sensuous

activity—40, 43-44, 94, 154, 168, 176-77, 465, 512 — Feuerbach's contemplative attitude to the sensuous world —3-8, 39-42 Serfdom — 34, 38, 64-65, 79, 194, 220, 223,302,376,418,431 Shares—399 Silver—see Metals Single, particular and general — 45-47, 60-61, 90, 98, 100, 111, 157, 169, 179, 180, 216, 245-48, 273, 284-86, 289, 291, 317, 334, 337, 342, 365, 397 Sixteenth century—177 Slave-owning society— see Ancient society Slavery—33-34, 38, 46, 84, 159-60, 189, 220,308,309,431,479 Slavs—364

Socialism (theories) —301, 419, 458, 469, 503, 535-36

— English — 181,226 — French — 181,458, 468, 514, 556 — Christian — 226 — reactionary —537 See also "Truesocialism" Socialism, Utopian — see Fourierism, Owenism, Saint-Simonism Social relations —4, 7, 35, 36, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 52, 54, 78, 80-81, 99, 183-84, 213, 230, 231, 245, 255, 262-63, 323-24, 378, 394, 410, 412-13, 420, 425, 430-32, 436-38, 442, 563 Social system—39, 41, 50-51, 61,81, 143, 256, 393-94, 417-18, 453, 458, 498, 499,516 Society—4-5, 7-9,47,52,54, 59,60-61,80, 88, 183, 213-15, 293, 348, 396, 401, 413, 417, 418, 431, 437, 438, 463-64, 475-76, 479-80, 515, 538, 559 — structure of — 4, 7, 32-36, 40, 60, 79, 84, 88-89 — state of society (stage of social development) — 39, 43, 46 — form of society — 5, 8, 45, 47, 54, 154,255,390,476 See also Ancient society, Bourgeois society, Civil society, Communism (social formation), Feudalism, Primitive society, Social relations, Social system Sophistry, sophists—132, 136, 147,417 Space-—164 Spartacus' uprising (Ancient Rome) —220 Species (human race)—4, 8, 29, 52, 77, 100,101-02,236,286,422-27,441,459 Speculative philosophy — 35, 37, 42, 50-52, 61, 98-99, 114, 128, 130, 133-34, 155; 160, 168, 171-73, 192, 212, 245, 277, 282, 298, 353, 410, 447,532-33 Spinoza's philosophy—98 Spirit— 27, 36, 43, 51, 55, 98-99, 102, 129-30, 139, 152-54 Spiritualism — 53, 531 State — 62, 92

— its essence —90, 355 — as a superstructure — 35, 50, 53, 89-90, 154,329-30,363,503 — its origin —50 — and division of society into classes — 46-47, 52, 78, 80 — and the caste system — 55 — ancient — 33, 89, 92, 141, 358 — essence of the bourgeois state — 90 — and the bourgeoisie — 70-71, 76-77, 346,356-57,359-61 — and the working class — 47, 80, 359-60 — as seen by Young Hegelians — 29, 76, 196-98, 202-203, 334-35, 341, 347-49, 354-61,379, 400-02 — state independence, real and illusory — 90, 195,361 — and civil society — 90, 342, 402

See also Monarchy, Republic, Stirnerianism State securities—39 Stirnerianism

— as ideology of the German petty bourgeoisie —119, 216-17, 218-19, 230/237, 244, 246, 255, 271, 277, 282, 303, 306, 309-10, 311, 314-15, 352, 355-56, 357, 359, 369-73, 378-79, 382, 392, 396-98, 399-400,410-11, 413, 415, 429-30 — attitude to the individual, to personality — 120-21, 128-29, 146,150, 154, 157-62, 183-85, 186, 192-94, 212, 215, 221, 225, 227-37, 238-42, 243-48, 250-51,260-62,273,281-83, 285-94, 297, 300,301,305,329,339-43, 347-49, 351, 365-66, 371-80, 400-02, 408-14, 417-20, 424-26, 429-33, 435-43 — attitude to the state — 76, 202-03, 281, 334, 347-49, 355-61, 379, 400-02 Stock exchange—72, 90 Stoicism—138-43, 184, 187, 512 Strikes and the strike movement—304, 360, 386,388 Subject and predicate—57, 100, 101, 109, 123, 145, 149, 155, 234-37, 279, 284, 293, 296-97, 300, 316, 394-95, 447, 465 Substance— 29, 40, 53, 54, 94-95, 97-99, 101, 104-06, 108, 109, 122, 160, 164, 235,378,394-95,414,428 Superstructure—see Basis and superstructure Switzerland—537

T

Talent—394 Tautology—100, 114, 279, 291, 313, 321, 323,407,536

Terrorism—178-79, 195, 300, 353, 412 Theology—29, 45, 97, 101, 235 Theory—112, 141, 145, 195, 197,229-30,

236, 247, 420, 421, 455, 456,458, 467, 469,486, 538 — and practice —3-8, 41, 45, 54-57, 61-62, 83, 156, 180, 242, 245, 252, 271, 274, 277, 290, 298, 339-40, 370, 406, 418, 441, 457, 469, 492, 511, 532, 533, 535-38, 547-49 Thinking— 3-4, 6-7, 31, 36-37, 59-62, 142, 261-64, 272-73, 286, 290-92, 330-31, 434, 446-47, 449, 455, 465 Time—13 Tories—456 Town, city

— separation of town and country — 32, 64-65, 75 — antithesis between town and country — 32-35, 64-65, 374, 401 — ancient — 33, 84, 89 — medieval —33-35,64-70,71,76

— in modern times — 68-70, 71, 73, 75-76, 181 — abolition of the antithesis between town and country — 64, 76 Trade— 32, 35, 38, 39-40, 42, 48, 63, 65, 66, 74, 76, 89, 90,91,92, 231, 361, 372 — world — 74 — sea — 33,71,91,370,411 Tradition—83, 93 Tribe-(Stamm)— 33, 44, 46,63,78,83,89, 159,390 — tribal property —32, 34, 89, 364, 390 — tribal system —33, 50, 64, 404 "Truesocialism"—209, 232, 374,458-580 — general characterisation —455-57 Truth—3,6, 102,119-21,136-38,144-46, 154, 155-56, 170-71, 174, 197, 203, 229, 238-41, 250, 314, 456, 467, 469, 579 Tugendbund—196 Turkey—84

U

United States of America—80, 83, 86, 90,

347-48

— state and political system — 90, 213, 217 — population — 83, 165,440 — bourgeoisie —200 — working class —217 — railways —303 See also America, Working-class movement in the U.S.A. Upbringing, education—4, 7, 292, 393, 424, 439, 512 Usury—90 Utility theory—408-13

V

Vagabondage— 69, 202, 232

W

Wages — 370 Wales—351 War—51, 65, 67, 69, 71, 84, 89

— as a form of intercourse —33, 84 See also Napoleonic wars, Opium wars, Peasant war in Germany (1524-25) Wat Tyler's rebellion (England, 1318) —204 Wealth—384 Weaving—68 Weitlingianism—226, 461 Westphalia — 545-46, 549 Will—36, 47-48, 64, 90-91, 181, 193, 195-97, 245, 292, 328-35, 348, 375, 379,400,410,412,439,511 Women's question—500 Workers—69, 74 Working class—56, 61, 66, 74-75, 214,

231, 232, 236, 292, 316, 359-60, 371, 455-57, 557

— origin and formation — 33-34, 77, 78, 202, 282 — its condition in capitalist society — 48, 49, 52, 53, 58, 79, 80, 87-88, 219, 289 — its world-historic role —49 — class contradiction between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie —52,69, 76-77, 78, 204, 290, 372-73, 432, 436,464,469

— its class struggle — 47, 51-52, 74, 217, 219, 360,^366,371-72,418,436, 567 — its struggle for economic and political rights — 217, 218, 219, 360-61 — necessity for an independent political party — 323 — its class-consciousness —461 — and the peasantry — 354 See also Classes, Class struggle, Dictatorship of the proletariat, Revolution, proletarian, State, Working class (in England, France, Germany), Working-class movement (in England, France, U.S.A.) Working class in England—204, 557 Working class in France—204, 498-99 Working class in Germany—75

Working-class movement—74,214,220-21, 323,361,388,461,464 — preconditions of its origin and stages of development —220-21 — combination of political and economic struggle — 204-05 — its political character — 371-72 Working-class movement in England —

360, 386, 455 — in the 14th-18th centuries — 204 — in the 1830s and 1840s — 205 See also Chartism, Owenism Working-class movement in France—217, 386, 455, 567

— in the 14th-18th centuries — 204 Working-class movement in the U.S.A. — 217, 360, 489 Working hours—418 World outlook—105, 138-39, 173, 236, 462,470

Y

Young Germany (movement) —457, 484 Young Hegelians—23-30, 37-38, 55-57, 572 See also State

Z

Zoology—181,425 See also Animal