Subject Index

A

Absolute—see Relative and absolute Abstraction—19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 35, 39, 40, 41, 53, 57-60, 66-67, 71, 72, 83, 97, 99, 110, 120, 128, 137, 141-42, 153, 155, 169, 178-80, 193, 205 — abstract and concrete — 23, 40, 52, 53, 85, 166-67, 193 Aesthetics— 55, 161, 167 Agitation— 237, 525, 653 Agricultural proletariat—see Working class Aim— 37, 93-94, 123

— means to achieve it — 93 — as an end in itself — 123 Alchemy—27 Alienation—41, 50, 82, 116, 140, 141, 143, 160 — self-alienation — 9, 21, 53, 82, 140 See also Estrangement America—see United States of America Analogy—10, 161, 166, 201, 206 Analysis and synthesis—114, 128 Anarchy—117, 122 Anti-Corn Law League, the—13, 15-16,

272, 289, 387, 417, 519, 520, 555, 566-67, 588, 657-60 See also Corn Laws Antithesis—35-36

— between classes — 35-37, 56, 244, 329, 411-12, 414, 418, 466, 497,

503, 528, 529, 556, 577-78, 581-82, 583 See also Class struggle, Contradictions, Opposites, Working class Aristocracy—304, 520

See also England—landed aristocracy, landlords Army — 249-50 Artisans, handicraftsmen—116, 321, 325,

326, 488-89, 497 Asceticism—99, 128 Ashton—313, 345, 587 Astrology—27 Atheism, atheists—82, 89, 110, 127, 212-

13, 412 — workers' atheism — 421, 526, 538, 653 Atom—120-21, 128

B

Babouvism—47, 119 Barnsley—344 Basis and superstructure—109, 112

Being, existence

— and consciousness — 36-38, 43, 53, 58, 59, 85-86, 125, 129, 141-42, 144, 191-93 See also Consciousness Belfast— 315 Belgium—213, 676, 677 Birmingham—318, 329, 340, 341, 488, 489, 491, 517, 529

Bohemia

— insurrection of cotton printers in 1844 — 230, 303-04, 503, 647 Bolton—12, 313, 345, 508

Bourgeoisie

— general characteristics — 280-81, 285, 286, 325, 330-31, 375-80, 393, 409, 412-13, 416, 420, 421, 423, 424, 425, 427, 430, 431, 433, 434, 508, 525, 546-47, 673 — industrial (manufacturers)—409, 432, 435, 444, 457, 469, 473, 486, 509-10, 563 — liberal — 416-17, 460, 517, 562, 570 — as a ruling class — 298, 393 — and feudal monarchy — 649-50 See also Middle class Bourgeoisie in England

— general characteristics — 212, 230, 267, 304, 323, 410-11, 413-14, 416-17, 419-21, 426, 458, 512, 555, 657, 660 — big — 321, 325, 348, 497, 556-57 — petty — 244, 321, 326, 371, 375, 488-89, 498, 520, 528, 548, 556, 580-81 — industrial (manufacturers)—322, 325, 326, 383, 409, 428, 430, 447, 456, 458, 459, 460, 461, 462, 469, 470, 486, 488-89, 510, 520, 538, 544, 555, 566, 587, 657, 658, 660 — commercial — 660 — liberal — 322, 416, 459, 460, 517, 520, 523, 528, 562, 570, 579 — as a ruling class — 298, 393, 407, 409, 410, 412 — in Parliament — 322, 323, 517 — its cultural level — 528 — and working class (interrelations, exploitation)—349-50, 385-86, 413, 416, 418, 419, 423, 424, 425, 428, 434, 506-10, 520-21, 522, 523, 528, 538-40, 562-83, 585

Bourgeoisie in France—50, 56, 122-24, 212, 262-63, 267, 304 See also French bourgeois revolution of the end of the 18th century

Bourgeoisie in Germany—230, 237, 265-

68, 274, 275, 292, 302-04, 393, 544, 563, 647-50, 652-53 Bourgeoisie, Prussian—649 Bourgeois political economy—31-32, 34,

42, 49-50, 198, 265-68, 271-72, 276,

284, 287, 290, 293, 598 See also Malthusianism Bourgeois society—37', 69-70, 76, 123, 135,

267-68, 275-76, 280-81, 283, 303, 597, 671 — its organisation — 275, 276

See also Capitalist mode of production Bradford—315, 343, 519 Brain—22, 59, 66, 140 Bristol—340, 389 Bureaucracy—267 Bury—345 Byzantium—178

C

Capitalist mode of production—244, 245, 246, 247, 263-64, 330, 378, 456-58, 473, 479, 497-98, 508, 554-55, 564, 572 Cartesianism—126, 127

— Cartesian materialism — 125, 130, 132 Casuistry

— moral — 182, 185 Category — 22, 30, 41, 42, 44, 53, 54, 57, 60, 67, 72, 73, 83, 93, 148, 153, 159-60, 191, 193 — abstract — 67, 159-60 — logical — 90 — philosophical — 137 Catholicism—81, 346 Causality, cause and effect—13, 16, 46, 73,

134, 280, 285-86 Censorship—229 Charity, bourgeois—564-65, 570

See also Humaneness, Philanthropy Chartism

— general characteristics — 418, 477-78, 517-21, 577 — as an independent political movement of the working class — 15, 517, 528-29, 545, 555 — People's Charter, political pro-gramme of Chartism — 465, 517-19, 522, 566-67 — need for combining it with socialist theory — 524-27 — and bourgeois and petty-bourgeois radicals — 518, 522-23, 524, 528-29, 578 — General Working-men's Association of London (Lovett)—517-18 — National Charter Association— 522-23 — and movement for the repeal of the Corn Laws (free traders)—13, 519-21 — and struggle for shorter working hours — 13-15, 519, 523 — and Trade Unions — 540-41 — and the agrarian question — 523-24 — and the 1842 strike — 512-17, 520-22, 566, 587, 588, 658-59 Chemistry—546

— chemical properties of substances— 27 Cheshire— 316, 403, 554 Children

— in England — 399-401, 402, 405, 435-38, 440, 442-43, 496-97 See also Child labour, Family, Mortality among children Child labour

— in factories — 384, 408, 411, 441-44, 446-47, 450, 455-60, 463-64, 466, 468, 477-83, 485, 489-92, 494-97, 672, 673 — in mines and collieries — 533, 534, 538-39 — in agriculture — 550 China—261, 580 Christianity—56, 59, 85, 88-89, 94, 95, 109, 110, 169-81, 184 — and the state — 88 — and the individual — 178 Church—117, 653

— Anglican — 409, 556 — in England — 464, 477, 559, 564 See also Religion Civilisation—251 Classes, the—197

— and their interrelations — 584, 597, 671

— class prejudices — 427 — propertied — 13, 15, 16, 36, 526-27 — non-propertied — 14, 36, 135

See also Antithesis—between classes, Bourgeoisie, Class struggle, Peasantry, Working class Class contradictions—see Antithesis—between classes Class solidarity—see Working class—class solidarity Class struggle, the — 24$, 248, 329-30, 331, 375, 427, 429, 502, 508-09, 511, 512, 513, 554, 555, 580-83, 585 — between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie — 323, 386, 413-14, 416, 427, 501, 506-08, 510, 511, 528-29, 561, 570, 582-83 — and social revolution — 418 — and class-consciousness — 417-18, 528-29 See also Antithesis—between classes, Working class Clergy, the

— English — 421 — German — 235, 268 — French — 213 — and secular education — 408 See also Church Communism (theory)—36-37, 52-53, 94-95, 130, 131, 136, 241, 263 — workers' communism (German, French, English)—124, 125, 302 Communism (economic formation)—246-52, 253, 254, 282 — public ownership of the means of production — 254, 263 — productive forces — 250-52 — abolition of class contradictions and class distinctions — 246, 281-83 — ways of transition — 253-55 — peaceful transition — 253-54, 263, 465, 581-82 — and the state — 248 — and labour — 250-52 — policy of peace — 249-50 Communist movement, Communists

— in England — 242 — in Belgium — 213 — in France — 131, 152-53, 196, 212, 213, 242, 253, 526, 527, 582, 613, 614 — in Germany — 213, 229-42, 256, 613, 644 — in Switzerland — 242, 652-53, 655 Communist colonies—214-28

— in England — 214, 215, 223-27, 235 — in the U.S.A.—214, 215, 217-18, 220-24, 232, 235, 238, 239 See also Harmony, Rappites, Shakers Competition

— general characteristics — 49, 122, 243-45, 251, 257-58, 261-62, 267, 275, 279, 280, 308, 326, 375-76, 379, 382, 427, 524, 555, 564, 566 — over land — 556-59 — and monopoly — 261-62 — between states — 14, 259-61, 466, 480, 579-80, 657 — among workers — 16, 251, 307-08, 372, 375-88, 433-34, 507-08 See also Unempbyment Concept, notion—70, 72, 78, 92, 93, 128,

132, 137, 138, 145, 668 Conception, idea — 32, 33, 57, 60, 62, 81,

128, 137-39 Connection—120, 130

— interconnection — 19 Consciousness — 19, 31, 33, 39, 41, 53,

79,85,86,104,109, 119, 133,141, 171, 174, 177, 178, 192, 665 — unconsciousness — 33, 36, 39, 85, 113 See also Reason, Self-consciousness, Thinking Contemplation—see Perception Content—see Form and content Contradictions — 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 41,

49, 58, 93, 99, 105, 107, 111, 114,

115, 116, 121, 128, 133, 139, 161, 166, 167, 168, 183 See also Antithesis, Opposites Corn Laws — 288, 289, 519-20, 522, 523, 549, 566, 588, 656-61 — repeal of — 13, 15, 322, 411, 519-20, 521, 522, 555, 566, 579, 581, 588, 657-61 See also Anti-Corn Law League Cost of production—16, 32, 49, 657 Court and legal procedure—467-68, 487,

541-42, 567-69, 587, 589-93, 650

Crime — 234, 248, 249, 386, 412, 413, 422, 425-27, 494, 502, 508-09, 551, 553 — in England — 412-13, 425-27, 508-09, 551 Crises, social—419

See also Revolution Critical Criticism—see Young Hegelianism Customs Union—259

D

Deduction—see Induction and deduction Definitions — 84, 95, 96, 97

Definition, determination—25, 28, 32, 45,

49-50, 52, 58, 60, 61, 84, 95, 97 Deism—129, 421 Derby—314, 340, 479, 481, 554 Development— 23, 36, 76, 95, 96, 105,

128, 131, 138 — concrete — 52 — spiritual — 135 Dialectics—11, 23, 42, 61, 64, 73, 75, 78, 80, 93 — dialectical process of thinking— 53, 78 — speculative dialectics — 54, 103 Diseases, epidemics (engendered by the

development of capitalism)—13, 364-65, 397-400 Dissenters—112, 464 Division of labour— 325, 344-45, 381,

415-16 Dogmatism, dogma — 20, 34, 83, 95, 96,

107, 158 Dublin—337, 338 Dundee—315

E

Economic crisü—382-84, 386-87, 388, 518 — development in cycles — 383, 386 — commercial — 245, 353, 381-83, 399, 429, 580-81, 658 — agrarian — 548-49 — in 1837-39 — 245, 518 — in 1842 — 245, 386-88, 508, 520 — in 1847 — 386 Economic relationships—33, 53, 122, 197 Edinburgh — 338, 339, 340, 341, 389,

397, 404 Education—235

— general education in communist society — 253-54 — in England — 407-12, 459, 462, 464, 477, 490-92, 494, .496, 527, 528 See also Schools in England Egoism—120, 668 Elberfeld—237 Emancipation, political—see Revolution, bourgeois, Revolution, proletarian Emigration

— political — 229, 652-53 — Irish immigration to England— 321, 337, 355, 376-77, 389-92, 419-20, 560 Empiricism—39, 72, 80, 82, 85, 109, 155, 178 Energy—141 England

— general characteristics — 307, 320, 328 — before the 19th cent.—307, 309,

312, 320 — as the leading capitalist country of the 19th cent.—245, 261, 318-19, 320, 328, 419, 465-66 — history of — 309, 644 — population of — 320, 321, 325, 326, 381, 416-18, 432-33, 548, 656 — agriculture, agrarian relations in— 289, 311, 318-19, 324, 358-60, 548-49, 550, 553, 554, 555-58, 568, 660, 661 — livestock breeding in — 317, 557 — peasants, tenant farmers — 288, 308, 311, 375, 548-52, 553-58, 559, 562, 657, 660 — landed aristocracy, landlords — 288, 520, 548, 552, 553, 554, 555, 559, 562, 656-57, 660-61 — trade of — 13, 245, 288-89, 312,

313, 317, 326, 381, 385, 480 — commercial crises — 245, 360, 381-83, 398, 580-81

— communications — 317-20, 569 — poor rates — 386, 388, 549 — peasant movement in the 1830s and 1840s — 553, 554, 557 — Constitution — 14, 518, 661 — Parliament — 14, 322, 503, 517-18, 546, 549, 569-70, 572, 578, 658, 660 — electoral system, Reform Bill of 1832 — 322, 503, 517-18, 571, 657, 660 — legislation of — 322, 503, 514, 517-18, 567, 568, 569, 570, 660-61 — Poor Laws — 322, 463, 464, 519, 523, 550, 553, 557, 568, 569, 570, 574, 577-78, 660-61 — laws against tramps and vagabonds —567-68 — Game Laws — 552-53 — Factory Acts — 13-14, 322, 428, 443, 459-66, 539, 569-70 — political parties in — 13, 15, 304, 322, 381, 416, 517-18, 520, 555, 570, 646 — church of — 464, 477, 559, 564 — prospects of proletarian revolution —260-61, 262, 546-47, 579-83 — and Ireland — 560, 561 — temperance societies — 423 — English, the — 419, 560

See also Bourgeoisie in England, English bourgeois revolution of the 17th century, Industry in England, Industrial revolution in England, Ireland, Tories, Whigs, Workers' movement in England, Working class in England

English bourgeois revolution of the 17th

century—262 English materialist philosophy—125, 126,

127-31 Enlighteners

— German — 134-35 — French — 124-25, 126 — and religion — 124-25 Epicureanism—169 Epidemics—see Diseases, epidemics Equality—38-39, 40, 41

— bourgeois — 38-39 — and private property as its negation —41 Essence and phenomenon—21, 22, 27, 28, 33, 35, 41, 42, 52, 57-61, 64, 68, 72, 73, 84, 89, 93, 96, 97, 106, 107, 109-10, 114, 121, 123, 128, 138, 152, 174 Estrangement—41-43, 120, 192, 665

— self-estrangement — 36, 41, 42 Ethics—see Morality Europe (political characteristics)—652-53 Exchange value — 266, 275-83, 284

See also Value Existence—see Being Experience — 23, 79, 128, 129, 130 Exploitation

— of labour by capital — 418-19, 461, 467, 469, 506-07 See also Labour, Working class

F

Factory legislation in England—13-14, 15, 322, 428, 443, 460, 462-66 — Apprentices' Act of 1802 — 459 — Factory Act of 1819 — 459 — Factory Act of 1825 — 459 — Factory Act of 1831 — 459-60 — 1833 (1834) Act — 459, 461-62 — Lord Ashley's Act (1842) banning the employment of women and limiting the employment of children in mines and collieries — 539 — Masters' and Servants' Act (1844)— 322, 569-70 — Ten Hours' Bill (1844)—435, 460-61, 465-66 Factory legislation in Germany—672-73 Factory system—14, 284-85, 311-12, 434,

439, 445, 457-60, 466, 467, 472-73, 474-79, 485, 489, 497 See also Child labour, Female labour, Labour Family

— of the worker — 424-25, 437-38, 439-40, 497 — patriarchal — 309 Fatherland—250 Female labour—406, 464

— female labour replacing male labour — 384, 431, 434-36, 477, 672

— in factories — 434-38, 440-42, 451-55, 464, 469, 481-82, 489, 497, 672, 673 — dress-makers, sewing-women — 497-500 — in mines and collieries — 533-35 — in agriculture — 550

See also Family, Women's question

Feuerbach's philosophy — 92-94, 139 Fichte's philosophy—139 Form and content—97, 107 Fourier's socialism—50, 84, 152, 263,

302, 613-15, 641-43 France—261, 309, 320, 644

— Directory — 122 — during Consulate and Empire— 74, 81, 123, 124, 270, 598 — restoration of the Bourbons— 74, 81, 85, 124, 598 — the 100 days — 598 — during the revolution of July 1830 —124 — agriculture, agrarian relations— 199, 200, 560 — home policy of — 281 — police — 598 — monarchist party — 598 — radicals — 135 — French, the — 419, 512, 560

See also Bourgeoisie in France, French bourgeois revolution of the end of the 18th century, Revolution of 1848-49 in France, Workers' movement in France, Working class in France

Freedom — 32, 33, 50, 94, 98, 111-16, 122, 129, 169, 170

French bourgeois revolution of the end of the 18th century—30-31, 81-82, 118-20, 122-24, 262, 320, 323, 517, 597, 598, 644, 666 — Declaration of the Rights of Man— 113, 114, 122 — Cercle social—119 — Enragés—119 — Hébert's party — 114 — Constituent Assembly — 598 — Convention — 598 — Thermidor — 323 — revolutionary army, revolutionary wars — 250 — Terror, revolutionary — 74, 81, 95, 123-24 — constitutions — 597 — and religion — 111, 113-14 See also Babouvism, Girondists, Jacobins French philosophy of the 18th cent.—124, 125, 126, 129-32, 139, 140

G

General—see Individual, particular and general Geology—546 Geometry— 128 Germany—256, 309, 320, 518, 549, 552,

645, 646 — agriculture, agrarian relations— 549, 560 — trade, home and foreign — 258, 259, 261-62, 275 — home policy and internal situation —229-42 — classes — 671-72 — peasantry — 413 — political system — 111 — civil life — 113, 120, 121 — court and law — 672, 674 — poor laws — 674 — army — 249-50 — prospects of the revolution — 238-39, 257, 259-62, 646-47 See also Bourgeoisie in Germany, Customs Union, Industry in Germany, Socialism in Germany, Workers' movement in Germany, Working class in Germany German philosophy of the 18th and 19th cent.—7, 8, 17, 40, 41, 125, 153, 653 See also Feuerbach's philosophy, Fichte's philosophy, Hegel's philosophy Girondists, the—581 Glasgow—314, 341, 489, 397, 421, 509 Grain

— prices of grain — 286-87, 656 — export of grain — 289 See also Corn Laws Greece, ancient—120

Greek philosophy — 126, 128 Guilds—116

H

Halifax — 315, 344 Harmony (socialist colony)—223-27, 232,

235, 238 Hegel's philosophy—12, 20, 57, 60-61, 89,

100-01, 103, 131-32, 137-39, 141, 148-49, 167, 178, 192-93, 665 See also Old Hegelianism, Young Hegelianism Heywood—345 History — 12, 13, 32, 79-82, 86, 109, 114,

122, 124, 135, 150, 267, 671 — as activity of man pursuing his aims — 93, 281 — Hegel's conception of history — 85, 86, 114 — development of history — 84 — historic progress — 474 — role of masses in history — 81, 82, 85, 94 "Holy Family"—see Young Hegelianism Homoeomeriae—128 Housing question, the

— in capitalist society — 331-66, 395-96, 470-72, 532, 539, 543-44 — in England — 331-66, 373-74, 396-98, 434, 470-72, 491-92, 532, 539, 552, 559 See also Lodging-houses Huddersfield—315, 344 Hull—13 Humanism, real—7, 125, 131 Humaneness—179

— bourgeois — 462, 565, 571 — proletarian — 420

I

Idea, thought—40-41, 49-50, 81-82, 94, 119, 125-26, 128, 129, 138, 168, 179, 184, 186, 203 Ideal—19, 82, 88, 140, 142, 170, 188 Idealism—16, 53, 80, 123, 137, 140, 153 Ideology—see World outlook Idolatry—127 Individual, personality, the—22, 79, 85, 86, 113, 120, 122, 160 Individualism—276 Individual, particular and general—19, 52, 61, 62, 78, 85, 100, 114, 115,

124, 128-29, 142, 193 Induction and deduction—31, 128 Industry—116, 122, 130, 150, 244, 256, 260-61, 265, 280-81, 324-27, 354-56, 375, 381, 419, 433, 502, 659-60 See also Industry in America, Industry in England, Industry in Germany Industry in America—579-80 Industry in England

— general characteristics — 245, 259, 260-61, 275, 281, 283, 289, 324, 325-27, 344, 355-57, 379, 383-84, 389, 393, 419, 426, 433, 465-66, 497, 530, 548, 566, 579-80, 644, 656, 657-58, 660 — history from the middle of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century — 311-21 — cotton — 12, 313-14, 414, 428-29, 433-34, 580 — linen — 315-16 — woollen — 289, 314-15, 342 — silk — 316 — lace — 314, 481, 482-83 — textile — 428-32, 479, 484 — iron and steel, machine-building, coal-mining, metal-working — 316-18, 488-89, 491, 494, 532 — potteries — 318, 495 — glass — 496-97 Industry in Germany—245, 256, 258-61,

275 Industrial revolution in England—307, 309,

313, 320, 324, 325, 503 Infinity—129 Intellect, understanding—58, 128, 129 See also Reason Intemperance (as a social category)— 400, 401, 421-23, 444, 466, 467 .Interdependence—113, 117

Interest, interests—41, 42, 81, 82, 120, 124, 126, 143, 174, 175 — material — 123 — historic — 41

— political — 91, 123 — private, personal — 113, 130-32,206

— general, common — 130, 132, 133, 134, 144 Internal and external — 22, 23, 82, 83, 101, 108, 137-38, 174, 178 Internationalism, proletarian—298, 301 Inventions—12, 71, 289, 307, 310-13, 317, 344, 428, 429, 511, 656 See also Industrial revolution in England Investigations — 32, 83, 110, 112 Ireland—558, 559, 560

— population — 321, 391 — history — 321 — agrarian relations (tenant farmers) —391, 557-61 — English agrarian legislation for Ireland — 559 — Poor Law of 1838, workhouses— 577-78 — impoverishment and diseases of popular masses engendered by co-lonial oppression — 397, 399, 533, 558-59, 649 — pauperism — 558-59, 577-78 — Irish workers in England — 322, 324, 376-77, 384, 390, 391, 392, 397, 399, 421, 577-78 — agricultural proletariat — 558 — Irish, the — 391-92, 421, 559, 560 See also Working class in England— Irish workers, Repealers Italy—408 Italians—559

J

Jacobins—121-23 Jesuits, Jesuitism—126, 190 Jews, Jewish question—87, 88, 90, 95, 96,

98, 106-12, 113-14 See also Judaism

Judaism — 90, 99, 110 See also Jews

K

Knowledge—53, 125, 129 See also Conception, Senses L

Labour, work—278, 279 280, 672

— social — 278, 279 — human — 50 — conditions of labour under capitalism — 414-16, 443-48, 450-52, 453-55, 462, 466-67, 468-69, 479-89, 530-39 — coerciveness of labour — 415, 466, 468-69 — night work — 444 — organisation of labour — 19 — manual labour, its replacement by machines — 312-13, 428-29, 433-35 — merging of industrial and agricultural labour — 548 — system of fines — 469-70, 486, 487, 488, 539-40 See also Child labour, Division of labour, Female labour, Working day Labour time—48, 49 Lancashire — M2, 313, 314, 315, 342, 344, 403, 410, 425, 445, 488, 494, 528, 554, 587 Landlords, landlordism—see England— landed aristocracy, landlords Landed property—45-46, 116, 286-90, 318,

559, 673 See also England—agriculture, agrarian relations in Language— 319, 438 Law, right — SI, 97, 116, 117

— Roman law — 44 Law (juridical)—28, 29, 116, 117, 129,

179 Lease, tenant farmers—311, 319, 359-60, 548-49, 556-59

Leeds—315, 316, 329, 342, 343 Legislation, bourgeois—514-15, 567, 568

See also Bourgeois society, Court and legal procedure Legislative acts regulating the working day

in England—see Factory legislation in England Leicester—314, 340, 470, 479, 480, 481 Leipzig butchery (1845)—see Workers' movement in Germany Literature

— communist, Utopian — 235, 240

— socialist — 56, 597, 644 — English — 135, 289, 416-17, 420, 528 — German — 229 — French — 135 Liverpool—13, 313, 326, 340, 389, 403,

405, 593 Lodging-houses—336, 532 Logic—17, 24, 31, 45, 46-47, 62, 76, 90, 131, 137, 167 — Hegelian — 18 — speculative — 62, 157

See also Analogy, Definition, Subject and object, Tautology London—320, 326-29, 331-37, 372, 389,

396, 397, 424, 498, 499, 517 Love—20-23, 439 Luddism—433, 503 See also Industrial revolution in England Lumpenproletariat—see Working class in

England—lumpenproletariat Lyons—53

— revolt of Lyons weavers in 1834— 512

M

Machine, machinery—13, 14, 308, 311, 317, 321, 325, 344, 482 — and appearance of the proletariat— 321 — replacing manual labour — 429-35, 482, 489, 548, 553 See also Inventions Macclesfield—59 3 Malthusianism—379-80, 432, 570-73 Man, human being — 7, 20, 22, 23, 27, 39, 40, 42, 43, 46, 49, 54, 65-66, 70-71, 82, 85, 87-88, 92, 93, 98-99, 107, 109, 111, 113, 114, 116, 120-21, 125, 127-34, 138, 139, 141-43, 150, 160, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171-75, 178, 179, 181, 184, 185, 191-93, 201, 665 — his essence — 21, 22, 39, 41, 106, 114, 115, 141-42, 174, 177, 194 — his activity — 49, 50, 53, 54, 153, 176, 188 — his freedom and rights — 87-88, 98-99, 111, 113, 114, 130-31 — his relationships — 32, 42, 43 — his feelings — 21, 22, 23, 35, 67,

84, 161, 174-75, 180-81 — needs of — 52-53 — humanity, mankind — 22, 26, 83, 84,

85, 88, 136, 139, 142, 144, 167, 177, 281, 671 — human and inhuman — 33, 76, 110, 111, 113, 116, 195 See also Alienation, Estrangement Manchester—12-13, 53, 313, 316, 326, 329, 344, 345, 347-66, 387-89, 396, 397, 403, 405, 406, 422, 423, 426, 455, 457, 464, 477, 478, 495, 512, 513, 517, 520, 521, 522, 564, 565, 587, 588, 592, 593, 657-60 Manifestation, sign—34-35, 123, 177 Masses—9, 11, 12, 78, 80, 81, 84, 85, 133-34, 135, 136, 154-56, 193, 244, 249-50, 514, 521-22 — their role in history — 80-81, 84-85, 103 Materialism, material — 22, 49, 80, 82, 85, 95, 113, 124-25, 126-31, 132, 136, 139-41, 150, 192, 196, 265-66 — material production — 49, 150 — material conditions — 95

— mechanical materialism — 125 Mathematics—48

— mathematical motion — 128 Matter— 46, 83, 85, 93, 125, 128, 129,

132, 135, 136, 140-44, 194 — its forms — 129, 140 Medicine—564 Metaphysics—17, 37, 62, 75, 79, 125, 126, 127, 130, 137-41, 166, 180 — Cartesian — 126-27, 130 — of the 17th cent.—126, 127, 129, 132 — speculative — 130 Middle class, the — 244, 245, 321, 325, 349, 375, 388 See also Bourgeoisie in England, Bourgeoisie in France, Bourgeoisie in Germany Middleton — 345 Mind—60, 61 Mineralogy—58 Mode of production— 150 See also Social formation

Monarchy—114, 115 Money, money system—53, 109

— as a form of private property — 32 — power of money — 412, 456-57, 562-64 Morality—130, 169-70, 180-85, 201, 308-09, 407, 411, 423-24, 483, 492, 496, 528, 643 — of the worker — 343, 392, 408, 411, 412, 417, 419-20, 441, 442, 466-67, 483-84, 538, 539 See also Crime, Family, Love Mortality—403, 404, 405-06, 532

— among children — 405-06 Movement, motion—35, 125, 128, 140, 141, 142 Mysticism—11, 30, 39, 58, 60, 138, 167, 193

N

Napoleonic wars—289, 548, 656 Nation—153, 276, 281, 381

— national prejudices — 298 Nationalism— 120 Nature—129, 138, 139-41, 150, 167, 170,

172 Natural philosophy — 22, 150 Natural science—57, 125, 128, 130, 149-

50, 155 Necessity and chance — 23, 25, 37, 61, 113,

130-31, 139 Needs, requirements—19, 38, 52, 113,

120, 278 Negation of the negation (law of)—22, 33-

34, 160 Newcastle—543 Nobility—266

— the squire — 656 Nominalism—127, 128 Norfolk—554 Nottingham—314, 340, 479, 481, 483

O

Oldham—313, 345 Old and new — 103, 104, 106, 124 Old Hegelianism—142 Opium war (1842)—261 Opposites, opposition—14, 16, 34-48, 45, 54, 56, 58, 84, 85, 86, 94, 96, 98, 103, 105, 110, 112, 117, 130, 139, 141, 144, 148, 151, 154, 155, 158, 167, 168, 179, 193, 201, 203 See also Antithesis, Contradictions Organisations and associations of workers— 378, 418, 420, 459-60, 503-08, 509-10, 517, 540, 568 See also Trade unions in England Orthography, English—409 Owen's socialism — 84, 223-24, 232, 252-53, 459, 525-26, 614

P

Papism—268 Panellation—116, 257 Paris—57, 597-612 Patriarchal relations—418, 550 Patriotic War of 1812 in Russia — 124 Pauperism— 12

— in England — 549-50, 551, 571, 573 — in Ireland — 558-59, 577 — in Germany — 234, 671-72 See also Charity, bourgeois, Humaneness, bourgeois, Philanthropy, Workhouses in England Peasantry — 289, 375, 548, 550, 553

See also Lease, tenant farmers Penalty

— penal theory — 176-79, 186 Perception—58, 61, 129, 158

— sensory perception — 58, 61 Person, individual — 23, 79, 248, 253, 426, 514 Phenomenology—665 Philanthropy—237, 384-85, 459, 460, 474, 525-26, 578, 597, 649 See also Charity, bourgeois, Humaneness, bourgeois Philistines

— German — 267, 268, 280, 282, 283 Philosophy--7', 24, 39, 76-77, 85-93, 125,

129

See also English materialist philosophy, German philosophy of the 18th and 19th cent., Scholasticism, Speculation Philosophers—17, 29, 59, 60, 146-47 Phraseology—266, 291 Physics—125, 126, 128, 130 Physiocrats—see Bourgeois political economy Poaching—551-53 Police— 73, 598 Political economy—see Bourgeois political economy Poor relief—see Philanthropy Population

— centralisation of; towns — 325, 326, 394, 416-18, 441, 548 — in England — 321, 326, 381, 432, 548 Practice—see Theory and practice Pragmatism—41 Predicate — 21 Premises, preconditions—31, 32, 35, 42,

45, 101 See also Logic Press

— bourgeois — 480, 523, 543 — socialist and communist — 212-13, 654-55, 674 — in Germany — 229, 231, 671 — in France — 212-13 Preston—12, 313, 345, 522 Price— 32, 50 Principles—7, 12, 14, 16, 17, 27, 28, 31, 39-41, 82, 89, 93, 105, 115, 121, 129, 130-31, 584 — basic — 121, 129, 131-32 Private property—35, 36, 42-43, 49, 278

— its forms — 32, 33, 53 — proletariat as its creation — 35-36 — "drives itself to its own dissolution"—36 — its essence — 33 — historical justification of its existence — 41 Privileges—115-16 Production—49 Productive forces — 266, 276, 277, 284-88 Profit

— on capital — 32 Progress—29, 82-85

— historic — 474 — social — 26 — scientific and technical — 32, 259-61, 480 See also Industrial revolution in England-Proof — 25, 28, 45, 67, 79, 80, 81 Property-289, 325, 421, 497 — as the negation of equality (according to Proudhon) — 40-41 — centralisation of property — 14 — the right of property (according to Proudhon)—45 See also Landed property, Private property Prostitution — 251, 332, 422, 424, 441-42, 469, 494, 672 Protectionism—258-60, 261-62, 266-67, 274, 275, 282, 290, 656, 657 See also Trade Protestantism—346-47 Proudhonism—23-35, 38, 39, 40-54, 156-57, 528, 642-43 Prussia—646, 649, 676

— internal policy — 112, 234 — government — 230, 234 — socialist movement — 237, 238 Psychology - 3 1 , 99

R

Rappites—218-20 Rationalism—128 Reading-rooms (at factories) in England— 477 — proletarian — 527

See also Education in England Reality—53 — objective reality — 193

— as a criterion of truth — 27-28 — abstraction from reality — 19, 58, 59, 60, 141-42, 180 — real man — 22, 39, 53, 85-86, 108-09, 120-21, 139, 153, 160, 175, 177, 192, 248 — Hegel's conception of — 60-61, 79, 85-86, 90, 139, 191-92 — Young Hegelians' idealist conception of reality — 7, 12-13, 19, 23,

24-25, 27-28, 53, 58-61, 77, 79, 83-84, 90, 95-96, 108-09, 125, 140-42, 145, 155, 157-60, 180 — and semblance — 33, 58, 83, 101-02, 248 — and ideas, concepts, notions — 19, 49-50, 53, 58-61, 77, 79, 82, 120-21, 145 — and thinking, consciousness — 54, 58, 140-41, 190-93 — and its reflection in philosophy— 7, 126-27 — and religion — 108-09, 175, 177 — and possibility — 126, 127 — and bourgeois political economy— 32-33, 42, 54 Reason—32, 41, 58-61, 65, 85, 90, 128, 129, 141, 142, 143, 179 — abstract reason — 59-60, 66-67 — common sense, common human reason — 143, 147, 151

"Rebecca" (peasant revolt in 1843)—557

Reflection—110

Relative and absolute—114, 121

Religion—89, 97, 108, 109, 116, 166, 408-11, 421, 464, 526, 527, 564 — Christianity — 59, 89, 109, 110 — freedom of conscience — 111-12 — religious consciousness-^ 166 — religious fanaticism — 421 — religious sects — 215-18, 408, 409 — and the state — 111-12, 117 — in England — 408, 411, 419-21, 464, 496, 526, 538 See also Atheism, Catholicism, Christianity, Church, Judaism, Protestantism, Theology Repealers—560, 561 Rent of land—271-72, 287, 288, 289-90, 656 — as an economic expression of landed property — 289 Revolution

— general characteristics (its essential features and tasks)—81, 82, 118-19 — and economic crises — 580-81 — revolution of the minority — 81, 82 See also Masses—their role in history, Revolution, bourgeois, Revolution, proletarian Revolution, bourgeois, the

— general characteristics (its essential features and nature)—81, 82, 110-11, 122-23 — its limitations (incompleteness, half-heartedness)—81, 82, 261-62 Revolution, proletarian, the

— general characteristics (its essential features and tasks)—36, 37, 109-10, 257, 258, 260, 261-64, 266-67, 282, 283 — prerequisites for — 261, 262 — historical inevitability of — 418, 580-81 — its international character (revolutions breaking out simultaneously in a number of countries)—261 — fundamental difference from the bourgeois revolution — 87, 88, 94, 95, 110-11, 261, 262 — and the role of the proletarian party — 581-82 — and resort to revolutionary violence — 546-47, 581-82 — possibility of a peaceful development and an objective necessity of transition to the armed struggle in the course of the revolution— 263-64, 581-82 See also Revolution — general characteristics Revolution, technical—see Industrial revolution in England, Progress—scientific and technical Revolution of 1848-49 in France—579 Right—see Law Rochdale — SU, 315, 345, 430 Rome—120, 268, 510

— plebs — 510 Russia—289

S Saint-Simon's socialism—50, 282-83, 614 Salford— 363, 464 Saxony—646, 647 Scepticism—127, 201-02, 584 Scholasticism—107, 127 Schools in England—407, 408, 411, 412, 459, 462, 464, 477, 490, 491, 494

— Sunday schools — 408-09, 410, 492, 496 See also Education Science — 24-27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 41, 58,

89, 93, 127, 128, 129 See also Mathematics, Natural science, Physics Scotland—319, 386, 404, 422, 484, 503,

530, 533, 534, 535, 578, 591 See also Working class in England— Scottish workers Sects, religious—see Religion Self-consciousness — 7, 12, 39-41, 79, 80,

82, 85-86, 93, 104 See also Consciousness Semblance, appearance—33, 36, 37, 58,

83, 84-85, 99-103, 108-09, 116, 138, 140, 141, 145, 196 Senses, sensuousness—19, 22, 58, 61, 65-69, 82, 83, 120, 128, 129, 150, 178, 181, 192 — sensations — 130 — world of the senses — 23, 58, 128, 178, 184, 192 — sensuous understanding — 58 — experience of the senses — 23, 128 See also Perception Sensationalism—127, 128, 129

See also Senses Serfdom—413, 472 Shakers and the foundation of communist

colonies in the U.S.A.—215-18 Sheffield—317-18, 340, 488, 492-94, 508, 509, 519 Silesia

— riot of the weavers in 1844 — 230, 258, 303-04, 646, 674 Slavery —IIS, 122, 380, 413, 473, 474 Social estates—88-89 Social formation—150, 642 Social relations—158 Socialism (theory)—53, 94-95, 130, 136, 302, 418 — in England — 14, 125, 153, 231, 302, 418, 524-27 — in Germany — 229-31, 241, 303, 614, 642-43 — in France — 125, 153, 614 See also Communism (theory)

Socialism, petty-bourgeois—24-25, 53, 94-95, 241 Socialism, scientific—94-95, 232 Socialism, Utopian — 84, 152-53, 232, 251-53, 263, 302, 459, 524-27, 613-14 See also Fourier's socialism, Owen's socialism, Saint-Simon's socialism

Socialist movement, Socialists

— in England — 215, 524-27 — in France — 19, 24, 25, 212-13, 598 See also Communist movement, Communists Society—49-50, 131, 160, 251-52

— feudal — 122-23, 243, 473, 550 See also Bourgeois society Somersetshire—316 Sophütry—34, 61, 140, 174, 182, 185 Spain—408, 548 Speculation— 7, 13, 23, 57, 125, 139, 143, 166, 167, 168, 178-79, 191 — German — 7 — critical — 35, 37 Spinoza school—124, 131, 137, 139

Spirit — 7, 135, 141-42, 153

— Hegel's conception of — 15-16, 77, 84-85, 139, 167 — Young Hegelians' conception of— 7, 40, 77, 82-86, 94, 97, 104-05, 113, 134-36, 139-44, 145-46, 177-78, 186, 206

Spiritualism — 7, 42, 82, 84, 94, 122, 128,

145, 150, 178 Staffordshire—488, 491 Stalybridge— 313, 345, 346, 587 State—88, 95-96, 110-11, 115, 120-21,

124 — of antiquity — 113, 122 — bourgeois — 112-14, 116, 117, 274, 666, 668 — democratic representative — 114, 115, 122, 123, 666 — and the national question — 111 — and religion — 111-12, 117 Statistics—247 Stockport— 345, 346, 430, 464, 521 Stoicism—169 Strikebreakers—544, 586-87

Strikes and strike movement in England— 458, 505, 506, 507, 508-12, 540-41, 584, 585 — in 1812 — 503 — in 1818 — 503-04 — in 1822 — 503 — in 1842-43 (Manchester)—387, 512-17, 521-23, 585, 587-96, 659, 660 — in 1844 (of coal-miners in the north of England)—426, 460, 541-47, 569, 585 See also Chartism, Workers' movement in England Strikes and strike movement in France—

512, 650 Subject and object— 21, 22, 59, 60, 61,

71, 72, 75, 78, 79, 80, 82, 85, 129,

137, 138, 141, 142, 144-45, 159, 160, 167, 192, 193, 665 Substance—58-60, 125, 129, 131, 132, 137-41, 160, 668 Suffolk—554 Suicide—412, 597-612 Summary—128 Superstition—127 Sweden—532 Switzerland—242, 651, 652, 653

T

Tautology—20, 84, 153 Taxes—254-55

— general progressive tax — 254 Teism—110 Teleology—79 Terror— 74, 81, 95, 122-23, 124 Theology—17, 89, 94, 102, 109, 110, 112,

127, 143 Theory and practice—

— their dialectical correlation — 53 — their unity — 153, 235-36, 263 — discrepancy between them — 613-15, 641-44 — their contradiction — 115-16, 643-44 — criticism of the idealist interpretation of the correlation between theory and practice — 39, 46, 82, 141-42, 192-93, 613-15, 641-44, 665 — the role of practice in transforming reality — 53, 82, 94-95, 506-07 — revolutionary practice — 12, 94-95, 263 — theory and practice of the working-class movement — 84 Thermidor—see French bourgeois revolution of the end of the 18th century Thinking, thought — 13, 39, 53, 54, 82-83, 97, 126-29, 140-43, 151, 153, 158, 191-93, 665 — abstract — 39-40 — absolute — 159 — ability to think — 21 — speculative — 58 See also Being and consciousness Time—48-49

See also Labour time Tories—14, 15, 289, 381, 416, 463-64, 465, 503, 519, 520, 521, 555-56, 578 — philanthropic Tories — 460, 473, 578 — Tory Cabinet of Robert Peel — 660 Towns—292-93, 325-30, 339, 340, 373, 394-95, 416-19, 423, 441, 444, 460, 467, 498, 532, 556 — factory — 12, 13, 325, 326, 327, 394-95, 416-19, 441, 444, 460, 498, 532 — in England — 313-14, 317, 318, 319-21, 326, 328-74, 459, 660 — in Germany — 672 See also Birmingham, London, Manchester and other towns Trade — 33, 116, 289, 292-93

— as a form of private property — 33 — free trade — 267

See also Economic crisis, Protectionism Trade unions in England—13, 503-07, 509, 510, 526, 540-43, 544-47, 586, 591, 593 See also Workers' movement in England Transcendentalism—7, 40 Truth—26, 27, 28, 79, 80, 138, 139, 140

U Unemployment— 250, 251, 261, 377, 381, 382, 384-88, 396, 429-31, 433, 553-54, 566

See also Competition, Working class United States of America — 116, 247, 272, 289 — position of Negroes — 468-69

See also Communist colonies in the U.S.A. Universe—140, 142 Usury—423

V

Value—32-33, 46, 47, 49-50

— exchange value — 266, 275-83, 284

W

Wage-labour—36, 53 Wages—16, 32, 52, 53, 278, 279, 286, 287, 288, 307, 308, 330, 377-81, 387, 431-32, 504, 505, 507, 594, 596, 658, 659 — dependence on the introduction of machines — 431-32 — in agriculture — 549-51, 552 — truck system — 470, 471, 473, 539, 542, 673 — in England — 13, 307, 308, 376-79, 387, 426-27, 431, 432, 481, 505-07, 508, 523, 549, 550, 552, 571 Wars—249-50

See also Napoleonic wars, Patriotic War of 1812 in Russia Weitling's communism—235-36, 614, 615 Whigs—14, 460, 463, 578

— German Whiggery — 646 Will—13, 95, 98 Women's question—438-42

See also Child labour, Family, Female labour Workers' associations—52-53, 503-04 See also Trade unions in England Workers' movement— 227, 263, 302, 321, 418, 419, 581-82, 653 See also Class struggle, Communist movement, Strikes and strike movement in England, Strikes and strike movement in France Workers' movement in England

— general characteristics — 242, 321, 324-25, 344, 418, 428, 433, 444, 488, 489, 494, 498, 501-22, 526, 529, 541-47, 553, 561, 566, 582-83, 645 — movement for shorter working hours — 15, 459, 460, 465, 519, 523, 569 — struggle for higher wages — 426, 505-07, 523, 586 — and peasantry — 555

See also Chartism, Luddism, Strikes and strike movement in England, Trade unions in England Workers' movement in France—263, 512,

650 Workers' movement in Germany — 227-28, 230, 236, 253-54, 256-57, 646-48 — "Leipzig butchery" (1845)—645-46 Workhouses in England —521, 573-77 Working class

— general characteristics — 36-37, 265, 302-04, 330-31, 376, 379, 419-20, 421 — its rise and development — 257, 259, 260, 261, 309-11, 320-21, 324-27, 354-56, 375 — its world-historic role — 36-37 257 421 — its condition in capitalist society — 302-03, 322-23, 329-32, 373-74, 423-25, 473-74, 671 — antithesis and struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie — 35, 323, 329-30, 375-76, 379, 385-86, 413-16, 419-20, 427, 506-08, 510, 529, 561-63, 570 — need for its organisation — 376 — its class-consciousness — 36-37, 53, 253-54, 418, 419, 501, 529, 546-47 — its internationalism — 212, 303-04 — class solidarity — 565 — its living conditions — 36, 37, 373-74, 394-95 — dwellings —331-42, 355-57, 395-96 — food —368-74, 399-400, 434, 491 — similar conditions of workers' life in various countries — 302-04 — conditions of labour — 415-16, 443-46, 447-48, 450-52, 453-56, 462, 468-69, 479-89, 530-39 — competition among workers — 16, 250-51, 307-08, 372, 375-88, 433-34, 507-08

— humaneness — 420 — agricultural proletariat — 257, 310-11, 548-62 See also Revolution, proletarian, Unemployment, Workers' movement, Working class in England, Working class in France, Working class in Germany, Working class in Ireland Working class in England

— general characteristics — 36-37, 262-63, 297, 302-03, 321, 322, 326-27, 354-56, 373-74, 413, 418-19, 421, 428, 435, 436, 470, 473-74, 500, 501-02, 584 — its rise and development — 307-08, 310-11, 312, 317, 320-21, 324, 325, 326, 344-45, 375, 548 — world-historic role — 36-37 — workers doing their work at home, handicraftsmen —308, 310, 311, 321, 488-89 — antithesis between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie; class antagonism and class struggle — 36, 323, 375-76, 379-80, 413-14, 415-16, 497-98, 501, 506-07, 512-13, 562-83, 585, 660 — labour aristocracy — 461, 477 — class-consciousness of — 36-37, 84, 134-36, 418, 419, 529, 546-47 — internationalism of — 298-99 — humaneness — 420 — class solidarity — 546-47, 565 — its living conditions —303, 331-32, 348-49, 373-74, 392-95, 398, 400, 403-04, 405-07, 658 — dwellings-331-66, 373-74, 396-99, 407, 434, 470-72, 491-92, 532, 539, 543, 558 — conditions of labour — 415-16, 443-48, 450, 451-52, 453-56, 462, 468-69, 479-89, 530-39, 585-86 — enmity towards Irish workers — 376-77, 392 — Irish workers —322, 324, 376-77, 390, 392, 399, 421, 534, 544 — Scottish workers —590, 591, 593 — agricultural proletariat — 13, 257, 284-85, 310-11, 548-62 — weavers —308, 310, 311 — lumpenproletariat — 251, 552 — moral principles — 308-09, 343, 392, 484, 496, 538 — its atheism — 412, 421, 526, 538 — education and upbringing — 407-12, 421, 490-92, 494, 496, 526-28, 538 See also Chartism, Factory system, Industry in England, Trade unions in England, Wages, Workers' movement in England Working class in France — 212, 213, 262-63

— its theoretical consciousness — 36-37, 84 — Proudhon's standpoint — 41 Working class in Germany—230, 236, 237,

256, 257, 259, 260, 261, 303, 304, 647, 652-53, 671-73 See also Workers' movement in Germany Working class in Ireland — 390, 392

— agricultural proletariat — 558-59 Working day

— in England — 13, 14, 15, 382, 384, 408, 428, 435-36, 443, 444, 461-66, 479, 481-82, 491-92, 499-500, 533, 592-93, 672

—15, 459, 460, 461, 463, 464, 465, 519, 569 See also Factory legislation World outlook — 170 Writers

— socialist and communist — 36, 84 — and censorship — 82-83

Y

Yeomen—see England—peasants, tenant farmers Yorkshire — 342, 403 "Young England"—205, 570, 578 "Young Germany"—651-53, 654 Young Hegelianism—7-9, 10-11, 20, 39-42, 47-51, 52-54, 78-79, 82, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99-103, 105-15, 131-34, 136-61, 191, 197-200, 211 See also Reality—Young Hegelians'idealist conception of reality