Subject Index

A

Absolutism— 79, 190 Abstract and concrete—28, 78, 325. 331-32 Abstraction—15, 61, 64, 79, 89, 235, 270, 275-76, 286, 298-99, 305, 307, 327, 329, 334, 338-39, 342-46, 424-25, 427, 464, 475 See also Person, Thinking, Abstract and concrete Activity— 80, 236-37, 272, 274-75, 276-

78, 302, 304, 308, 317, 348 — social—298, 303 — objective—336 — abstract—183, 238, 308 — human—432 See also Labour, Man Administration—44, 49-50 See also Bureaucracy Aesthetics— 273, 277 Agriculture— 263-65, 286-87, 292, 294,

429, 436, 440 — and industry—285-88, 293 See also Fertility, Science Aim— 166-67, 286 Algeria—528-29 Alienation— 309, 310, 314, 324-26, 339-40 — of species-activity of man—212, 217-18, 219, 226, 227, 275-76, 277-78, 279-80, 302-03, 307, 317, 321, 324-25, 328-29

— of the product of labour—216, 219, 238, 272, 274, 277-80, 292, 302, 306 — as the domination of the world of things over man—272, 306 — under the rule of private property—173-74, 212, 217-19, 237-38, 266, 271, 278-80, 281-82, 291-93, 297, 309, 314, 317, 322-23, 476 — and objectification — 271-72, 281, 303 — Hegel's conception of alienation— 329-35, 338-46 See also Christianity, Consciousness, Estranged labour, Estrangement, Landed property, Man, Nature, Private property, Production, Profit, Science, Self-estrangement, State, Value, Wages, Worker

America—see United States of America Animal—12, 81, 104, 117, 275-77, 308 See also Man Antagonism—see Contradiction and Opposites Anti-Corn Law League, the—380, 382-84,

428, 505 See also Corn Laws Antiquity—110, 180, 470, 474, 475 See also Greece, People, Rome, Slavery, State Anthropologism (philos.)—322 Appearance—56,311 Appropriation— 281, 322, 331, 341 Arbitrariness, caprice— 20, 25, 36, 57, 68,

100 See also Violence Aristocracy— 32, 399, 455, 491-92

— landed—265-70, 379, 444-46, 449, 453, 456, 476-77, 488,497-98 — moneyed—266, 379, 444-46, 449, 453, 456, 476-77, 488 — in England—379, 444-46, 449, 453, 456, 476-77, 493-94, 497-98 See also Nobility Aristotle's philosophy—137, 305 Art—275, 297, 302, 309, 326, 340-41 Artisans, handicraftsmen—32, 264, 355, 357, 401 Asceticism— 311 Atheism, atheists—152, 190, 297, 305-06,

341-42, 385-86, 388, 404, 450, 457, 463 See also Communism, Religion Austria—183, 352 Authority—47, 232

B

Babouvism— 393, 396 Bonking—214, 216 Being, existence—27

— and consciousness—290, 298-99, 301, 312, 325, 329-32, 342-43, 344-45 See also Thinlting Bible, the—158, 171 Bill of exchange— 213 Bourgeoisie—185, 199-202, 497-98, 513 See also Bourgeoisie in .England, Bourgeoisie in France, Bourgeoisie in Germany, Capitalist, Classes, Middle class, Working class Bourgeoisie in England—192-95, 200, 379-80, 444-46, 456, 477, 487, 496-98, 513 Bourgeoisie in France—185, 200, 396 Bourgeoisie in Germany—185-86, 190, 191, 193, 199-200, 202 Bourgeois political economy—217-18, 221, 231-32, 240-46, 248-55, 257-58, 270-73, 280-81, 284, 304, 307, 308-11, 313-14, 316-17, 418, 419, 433-37, 438-39, 443

— classical (Adam Smith, David Ricardo)—192-93, 211, 217-18, 235, 239-40, 246-54, 255-65, 285, 290-92, 309-11, 317-21, 333, 375, 418-21, 422-31, 485-86 — petty-bourgeois political economy — 316 — in England—211-28, 291, 309-12, 319-20, 420-21, 424-25, 485-87 — in France—246-47, 291, 309-11, 318-19, 320-21, 375, 424-26 — in Poland—319-21

See also Capitalist, Competition, Industry, Landed property, Law, Malthu-sianism, Mercantilism, Money, Physiocrats, Private property, Production, Value, Wages, Wealth Bourgeois society—117, 185-86, 188, 197-98, 212, 214-15, 219, 237-41, 250, 260, 262-64, 270, 280-81, 285, 302, 317, 321-22, 324-26, 477-78 See also Capitalist, Industry, Interest, interests, Money, Private property, Production Bureaucracy—44-48, 50-54, 60, 63, 66, 76-77, 79, 119, 122-24 See also Administration

C

Capital

— as a form of estrangement— 215, 221, 300, 316 — as accumulated labour—237, 239, 240, 247, 250, 289, 312, 427, 430 — conditions for private property becoming capital—293, 315-16 — as private property in products of other men's labour—247, 285 — as governing power over labour and its products—241, 246-47, 272-73, 283 — as dominating power in bourgeois society—266, 267, 269-70 — its separation from labour—213-14, 221, 235, 270-72, 285-86, 288-89, 312, 375-76, 430-32 — its separation from landed property—221, 235, 270-71, 286-89 — and capitalist competition—238, 250-52, 255, 435-36, 440 — conditions for accumulation of — 238-40, 250-51, 253-54, 258, 268, 270, 287-88 — concentration of—238, 251, 253, 268, 321 — and interest on—239-52, 263-64, 283, 284, 289, 316, 317, 430 — profit on—250-52, 375, 430 — costs of—289, 312, 316 — fixed and circulating—253-54 — advanced—248 — industrial—293, 315-17 — and crude egalitarian communism— 296 See also Capitalist, Competition, Labour, Landed property, Private property Capitalist, capitalists

— economic prerequisites for domination of—235-36, 239, 246-47 — as owner of means of subsistence for worker—235-37, 240, 279-80, 283-84 — competition among capitalists and ruin of small capitalists—237-38, 250-53, 263-64, 288-89, 432, 433-34 — and landlord—263-64, 265, 267-68, 269-70, 286-89, 315 — bourgeois classical economists on—247-49, 250-52, 270, 284, 285, 308, 312, 316 — and crude egalitarian communism— 296 See also Capital, Competition, Labour, Landed property, Private property, Profit, Worker, Working class

Categories— 343, 424 Catholicism— 48, 50-51, 183, 190, 290,

422, 457, 471 Censorship— 184, 349 Chance—see Necessity and chance Chartism—190, 379-85, 386, 391, 393, 447-48, 467, 492-94, 496, 497, 504-05 — People's Charter—373, 450, 476 Chemistry—440 Child labour— 308, 424 Christianity

— and essence of religion—30, 462 — as a form of man's estrangement-^-79, 137, 156-57, 158-59, 173-74, 463

— its dogmas—33, 91, 152, 439 — and man—419 — and Judaism—147, 149-50, 168, 171-74 — and communism —385, 399, 403, 407 — Hegel on—88-89 See also Bible, Catholicism, Church, Clergy, Communism, Judaism, Lutheranism, Protestantism, State-Church—158, 474

— and the state—474-75
— and socialism — 385-87
Civilisation— 81, 295, 308, 478

See also Culture Civil society

:— opposition and contradiction , between the state and civil society—7-9, 40, 70-71, 72-73, 78-79, 81, 90, 159-60, 162, 172-74, 182-83, 197, 198 — under feudalism—111, 164-65 — under the bourgeois mode of production—163-64, 166-67, 171-72, 184-85, 287-88, 316-17 — Hegel's idealist conception of— 5-11, 30, 40-42, 44, 46, 48-50, 51-53, 65-66, 71-73, 75-77, 78-79, 83, 84-86, 89-90, 95-96, 99, 102, 111-12, 116-17, 118-20, 121, 122-23, 340 — and the citizen—8, 21, 40-42, 50-51, 76-77, 80, 90, 104, 111, 114-15, 121, 123-24, 128-29, 154, 155-56, 159-62, 164, 166-68 — civil life and civil organisation— 76-77, 78-79, 231 See also Community, Emancipation, Hegel's teaching on the state, State Classes, the

— and revolution—184-86, 204 — in bourgeois society—89-90, 238-40, 265, 269-70 — in England—379-80, 384 — in France— 186 — in Germany—185-86, 380 See also Bourgeoisie, Capitalist, Estates, Peasantry, People, Working class Class struggle, the— 185-86, 235, 260

— in England —379, 380, 415 — in France—186 — in Germany—186, 415-16 See also Interest, interests, People, Politics, Revolution, Working class Clergy, the—50, 108, 171, 185 Commodity—213-14, 251, 263-64, 267,

269, 270-72, 283-84, 422, 440, 441 See also Capital, Worker Communal being, community—78-80, 164,

204-05, 286, 295-96 Communism (theory)

— scientific—294-98, 313-14, 342, 405-07, 415-16 — premises for the rise of scientific communism—312-13, 392-93, 403-06 — and atheism—190, 297, 342 — crude egalitarian—295, 296 — Utopian—142-44, 294-97, 399-400, 401-02, 403-04 — Icarian—142-43, 396-400, 403-04, 411-13 — artisans'—409, 410, 413 — and Christianity—385-86, 399, 404, 408 — as actual humanism—296-98, 302-04, 336, 342 See also Interest, interests, Labour, Man, Politics, Property, Science, Weitling's communism Communist movement, the

— in England—312-13, 385, 392-93, 406-07 — in France—312-13, 392-94, 395-400, 403-04, 407-08 — in Germany—312-13, 392-93, 400-04, 406-07 Communist society—297-98, 305-06, 312-

13, 398-99, 433-35, 438-39 See also Interest, interests. Labour, Man, Science Community—48, 67

— primitive—313-14 Competition

— private property as the basis of capitalist competition—294-95, 431-32 — law of—432-34 — its influence on development of productive forces—255, 310, 434-35 — its influence on market prices— 252, 263-64, 375, 426-27, 430

— its influence on production of labour-power—438 — contradictions of capitalist competition—431-33 — among capitalists—250, 440 — and advantage of big capitalists over small capitalists—252-53 — among landlords—263-65, 267-70, 440, 441 — among workers—235, 238, 240, 435-36, 440 — and economic crises—433-37 — and monopoly—431-33 — bourgeois economists on—213, 221, 248,251, 258, 270-71,424-26 — transformation of competition into emulation in future society—434-35 See also Capital, Capitalist, Landed property, Worker Concept—25-26, 341, 343 Concrete—see Abstract and concrete Consciousness

— its role in social progress—56 — its role in man's activity—275-77 — and being—290, 298-99, 301, 312-13, 329-32, 343, 344-45 — estranged—297-99, 463 — Hegel's conception of—19, 56, 332-34, 338, 355-56 See also Ratiocination, Reason, Self-consciousness, Thinking Constitution— 55, 56-57, 130, 163-64, 221

— in England—397-98, 445-46, 489-513 — in France—113-14, 130, 161-65, 397-98 See also Hegel's teaching on the state, Law, Legislative power Consumption— 80-81, 220, 221, 224, 225,

226, 273, 300, 310, 315, 316, 435, 438 See also Production Contract— 30

— social—419 Contradiction—294, 326, 435-36

— in essence and in fact—91, 291-92 — affirmation through contradiction — 339 — determination through contradiction—421, 429, 432-33 — in society—321 — apparent—280, 439 See also Essence and phenomenon, Interest, interests Corn Laws, the—263, 383-84, 453, 476

See also Anti-Corn Law League Corporations, medieval—32, 44-46, 48-

49, 52, 68, 81, 89-90, 93, 102, 109,

112, 115, 122, 165-66, 286 Counter-revoiution—176 Credit system— 214-17 Crime—442 Criticism, critique—91, 142-45, 175-78,

181-82, 231-34, 327, 328, 329-30, 331-33, 356 Culture—295

See also Civilisation

D

Definition, determination—426, 428,429 Demand and supply—211, 213, 226, 235-

37, 262, 313-14, 325, 411-12, 433, 435-36, 438 Democracy—29-32, 115-16, 139-40, 159,

393, 454-55, 466, 491-92 — bourgeois—393, 396-97, 399-400 — working-class—476 — and people—28-30 — as a political form of social emancipation—29-30 See also Freedom, Rights, political Dependence—102, 225 Despotism— 32, 138, 140, 165-66

See also Absolutism, Monarchy Dissenters—379-81 Division of labour— 220, 236-40, 249,

264, 267, 271, 272, 317, 319-21, 443 Doctrinairism—144 Dogmatism—91

E

Economic crisis— 237, 239-41, 263-64

— commercial crisis—433-34, 441 — and capitalist competition—269-70, 433-37 Education— 80, 152, 193, 195 Egoiitorianism— 397 Egoism—172, 174, 185, 217, 288, 300, 321

Election— 120-21

See also Suffrage Emancipation—146-47, 168, 170-71, 174, 182-83, 184-85, 186, 187, 201 — political—146, 147-48, 149-52, 155-56, 159-60, 162, 164-66, 168, 182-83, 280-81, 306 — of mankind—146, 149-50,151-52, 155, 160, 168, 170, 174, 184-85, 186, 280-81, 300, 303, 305-06, 354 See also Revolution, Revolution, bourgeois, Revolution, proletarian Empiricism—», 9, 33, 39 Encyclopaedists—470 England

— political and social system of— 113, 120, 180, 192, 195, 445-46, 498, 503 — as a leading capitalist power — 471, 477-78, 489 — economy, industry and trade of— 179-80, 192-94, 201, 423-24, 435-37, 446-47, 476-78, 485-86 — landed property of—268-69 — home conditions of—179-80, 192-94, 435-37, 467-68, 473-74, 476-77, 478-79 — legislation of—191-94, 386, 498-

99, 501-02, 505-13 - P o o r Laws-193-95, 197, 284, 437-38, 496 — struggle for electoral reform in the 1840s—486-87, 496-98 — political parties of ruling classes— 486-88 — culture of—380, 387, 444-47 — press, journalism of—444-45, 446-47, 493, 500-01, 504 — education, schools of—380-81, 443 — church of—379, 381, 385-87, 473-75, 501-04, 512 — and Ireland—389-91 — prospects of proletarian revolution—182, 200, 312-13, 380, 467, 469, 472-73, 476-77, 512-13 — English, the—445-46, 471-74, 489-90, 493 See also Anti-Corn Law League, Aristocracy, Bourgeoisie in England, Classes, Class struggle, Communist movement. Constitution, Corn Laws, Dissenters, English bourgeois revolution of the 17th century, English philosophy, Industrial revolution (in England), Ireland, Lancashire, Liberalism, Literature, Monarchy, Parliament, Pauperism, Peasantry, Reformation, Religion, Scotland, Socialism, Tories, Trade unions, Whigs, Workers' movement, Workhouses, Working class in England English bourgeois revolution of the 17th century— 472-73, 476, 478-79, 490-91, 495 English philosophy— 460, 471-74, 478-79, 490 Enjoyment— 315-16, 322 Equality— 79, 163-64, 268, 313, 393-94, 398-99 Essence and phenomenon— 21, 311

— dialectical conception of development of essence— 87-89, 90,91-93 — contradictions between essence and phenomenon—55-56 — essential distinctions—286 — and existence—87-89, 296-97, 305-06 — and general—23-24, 26 — abstract essence—306-07 — criticism of Hegel's idealist conception of essence and phenomenon—7-8, 9, 90, 332-33, 337, 341 See also Opposites Estate-representative system—75, 79, 80-81,

84-85, 118-20, 128, 143-44 See also Estates, Hegel's teaching on the state Estates

— in feudal society—62-63, 65-72, 76-78, 79-80, 81, 83, 84, 89-90, 114-15, 313-14 — general estate—50, 70-71, 103 — middle estate—53, 186-87 — and individual in the epoch of feudalism—79-80, 81, 146-47, 153, 167 — dissolution of estates and formation of classes—78-80, 165-66, 186-87 — Hegel's theory of—59-60, 65-73, 75-76, 78, 82, 83-85, 89-98, 102, i r - 1 2 , 121-22 See also Classes, Clergy, Corporations, Estate-representative system, Hegel's

teaching on the state, Middle Ages, Nobility, Peasantry, State Estranged labour— 219-20, 228, 237, 240-42, 271, 275-82, 294, 296-97, 300, 303, 317, 442-43 Estrangement

— in the process of labour—213, 217, 220, 270-71, 273-74, 275-76, 277-79, 281, 291, 303 — political—31-32, 100-01 — religious—158, 212, 272, 278-79, 291, 297-98, 331-33, 339, 340,465 — ways of transcendence of—296-300, 303-04, 312-13, 316, 338-42 See also Alienation, Christianity, Consciousness, Estranged labour, Landed property, Man, Nature, Private property, Production, Profit, Science, Self-estrangement, State, Value, Wages, Worker Ethics, morality— 94, 100, 107, 133, 215, 231, 287-89, 297-98, 309-11, 341, 421-22, 423-24, 430, 432, 434-35, 442 Europe—183, 393 Exchange— 215, 217, 219-21, 224-27, 270-71, 320-21, 426-27 Exchange-value— 211, 213, 219-20, 424-27 See also Value Executive, the

— under the rule of private property—41, 57, 76-77, 79-80 — contradiction between executive and legislative power under rule of private property—57, 58-60, 64-65, 120 See also Hegel's teaching on the state, Legislative power, State Exploitation—140-42, 267 See also Capitalist, Private property, Working class

F

Factory system—424, 442-43 Family— 5-11, 38-40, 78, 93-94, 96, 98-100, 104, 165, 297, 340, 424 See also Hegel's teaching on the state, Marriage, State Feeling— 322 See also Sense organs Fertility—260, 264-65

See also Agriculture, Science Fetishism—290, 292, 312 Feudalism—165-66, 178-79, 181, 183-84, 185, 266-69, 286-87, 290, 477-78 See also Corporations, Estate-representative system, Estates, Feudal rule, Industry, Landed property. Middle Ages, Monarchy, People, Primogeniture, Serfdom, Trade Feudal rule—109 Feuerbach's philosophy—144-45, 187, 232-34, 303-04, 327-30, 339, 350-51, 354-55, 427, 462-63 Form and content—62, 63-65 Fourier's socialism—142-43, 294, 392, 394-96, 398-99, 411-12, 434-35 France

— in the epoch of absolutism— 109, 130 — during Consulate and Empire— 195-96, 199, 393-94, 397-98 — during the July revolution of 1830 and July monarchy—30, 49, 55, 113-14, 119-20, 130, 150-51, 183-84, 194, 214-15, 351-52, 395-96, 527-29 — economy and industry of—312, 478 — class struggle in—186 — poor laws—196-97 — public and political thought of— 312-13, 393-400 — French, the— 354-56, 397-98,471, 472-74 See also Bourgeoisie in France, Classes, Class struggle, Clergy, Communist movement, Constitution, French philosophy, Humanitarians, Liberalism, Lyons weavers' uprisings of 1831 and 1834, Napoleonic wars, Nobility, Paris, Parliament, Peasantry, Religion, Republicans, Socialism, Vendée, Voltairians, Workers' movement Freedom

— its determination by the history of society—313-14, 466 — and necessity—296-97 — social—393-94, 398-99 — in bourgeois society—103, 105-07, 152-53, 162, 167, 237

— Hegel's conception of—5, 56, 62, 65-66, 99-100,101-03,105-06,108 See also Free trade. Law, Religion, Rights, political Free trade—179-80, 269, 420-22, 423-24

See also Protectionism French bourgeois revolution of the end of the

18th century—363-74, 469-513 — prerequisites of—204-05, 471, 472-73, 478-79 — ideologists of—199, 396-97 — Convention—196-97, 199, 397-98, 472-73 — dissolution of estates and formation of classes—79-80 — contradictions between its theory and practice—164-65 — its influence on other European states—133-37, 139-40, 393-94, 404, 474-75, 487 See also Girondists, jacobins, Montagnards French phüosophy—S49-51, 387, 399-400, 419, 470-71, 472-74, 478-79 See also Encyclopaedists, Voltairians

G

General—see Individual, particular and general Geognosy—304 German Confederation, the—349 Germanomaniacs—177, 179 German philosophy—106-07, 108, 110, 175-76, 179-81, 187, 233, 313, 392, 403-07, 460, 461, 465, 467, 471-74 See also Feuerbach's philosophy, Hegel's philosophy, Kant's philosophy, Schelling's philosophy, young Hegelians Germans— 38, 137, 180-81, 354-55, 445, 460, 471, 472-74 Germany

— constitution of—109, 110, 146-47, 149-51, 156-58, 178-79, 183-84 — in Middle Ages—56, 109 — during Reformation—182-83, 399-402 — industry and trade of—109, 140-42, 178-80, 187, 401-02, 415, 478 — home policy and conditions— 133-39, 140-42, 180-81, 190, 192, 193-94, 380, 417, 514, 517-18, 521, 522 — and Russia—140-41, 517-18 — prospects of revolution—133-36, 139-40, 182-87, 205-06, 392 See also Artisans, Austria, Bourgeoisie in Germany, Classes, Class struggle, German Confederation, German philosophy, Peasant War in Germany (1524-25), Prussia, Socialism, Working class in Germany, Workers' movement Girondists, the— 362-74 God, gods— 28, 272, 278, 306, 463-65 Greece— 32, 38, 51, 72, 136, 178-79, 312-13 Guilds, medieval—286

See also Corporations, medieval

H

Hegel's philosophy— 5-28, 29-46, 47-56, 57-59, 60-76, 77-80, 81-86, 87-105, 106-08, 110-16, 121-30, 181, 232, 234, 329-35, 337-42, 343-44, 403-05, 456-57, 463 — dialectic—232-34, 327-29, 332-33, 341-42 — logic—327, 329-31, 343-44, 403-04 — philosophy of law—61, 63, 340, 403-04 — abstract historism—329-31

See also Alienation, Christianity, Consciousness, Essence and phenomenon. Estrangement, Freedom, Hegel's teaching on the state, Labour, Law, Nature, Private property. Property, Young Hegelians Hegel's teaching on the statt

— idealist conception of the state— 7-13, 14-15, 18-19, 20-21, 23, 29-33, 38-40, 61-63, 67, 115-16, 130, 330-31 — constitution—10, 11-15, 18-20, 24-25, 37, 54-59, 97-98 — political conviction—10-11, 13-14, 19-20, 96-97, 98, 102, 124-125 — the state and civil society—5-11,

30, 41-42, 44-45, 46, 48-50, 52-53, 65-66, 71-73, 75-79, 81, 83, 84-86,89-90,99, 102, 111-15, 116, 119-20, 121-23 — various authorities—11-17, 18-19, 58-59, 73 — monarch—18-21, 23-29, 32-38, 40-41, 42-43, 44, 51-52, 59-60, 68, 83, 84-87, 95-96, 107-10 — executive power—18-20, 35-37, 41, 42-54, 57, 58-60, 62-64, 65-70, 76-77, 83-87, 89-92, 95-96, 102, 119-20, 124-25 — legislative power—18-20, 24-25, 53-60, 68-69, 72-73, 77, 85, 89-90, 92, 95, 106-07, 116, 118-20 — estates' deputation—43, 59-64, 65-73, 77-78, 83-85, 87, 89, 92-93, 95, 96, 115, 117, 119, 121, 125 — sovereignty—21, 25, 28-29, 32-33, 37, 42-43, 51-53, 72-73 — constitutional state of affairs— 22, 30, 37 — primogeniture—97-103, 105-08, 111, 130 — election—120-21 — and morals—107, 122 — and civil law—5-7, 30 — and individual—7-10, 19-20, 21-22, 24-26, 29-35, 38-39, 41-43, 51, 58-59, 63-64, 76-77, 79, 118 — and family—5-11, 30, 38, 41-42,

94, 99, 104 — and the people—19-20, 29-30, 38, 53-54, 61, 63-67, 69, 83, 85, 102 Heraldry—105 Historical and logical—179-80, 285-86, 297-98, 329 Historical school of law, the— 177 Historiography— 303 History—147-48, 151-52, 176, 178-79, 296-98, 303-04, 313, 327-28, 332-33, 337, 463-65, 470, 474-75 — world history—305-06, 336, 340, 457-58 — modern history—32, 54, 81, 198, 286-87, 419, 422-23, 458, 464, 469-71, 475, 478-79 See also Historiography, Middle Ages Holland—133 Holy Roman Empire, the—184 Housing question, the (under capitalism)

— 257-58, 263, 307, 312, 313-15 See also Worker Humanism—143, 232, 296, 298, 302-

04, 336, 342, 460 Humanitarians, the (secret society in France)—397

I

Idea— 11, 183, 466 Idealism— 328, 336 Imagination— 27 Individual, particular and general—23-25,

26, 39-40, 83-84, 90 See also Essence and phenomenon, Interest, interests, Opposites Individual, personality, the

— social essence of—21, 38, 76, 77, 80, 217 — role of individual in history— 466 — and the people—164, 355-56 — role of individual in science—64 — in bourgeois society—263, 274-75 — and Christianity—419 — Hegel's abstract and mystical conception of personality—23, 26-27, 100, 106-07 See also Estates, Man, Nature, Science, Society Individuality— 77, 228

See also Hegel's teaching on the state. Law, State Industrial revolution, the (in England)—

443, 469, 478-88, 513 See also Progress Industry

— under feudalism—108 — in bourgeois society—198, 263-64, 269-70, 307, 322 — and economic policy— 178-79, 269 — and landed property—269, 285-87, 293 — as a condition for the rise of proletariat—186, 269 — bourgeois economists on—263, 290-92 See also Agriculture, Capital, Economic crisis, Production

instruments of labour— 254, 264, 267-68 Interest, interests

— relations between individual, private interests and general interest under the estates system—5, 6, 41-42, 49, 56, 63-65, 68, 103, 123, 128 — separation of interests under the rule of private property—47-49, 423-25, 466, 475-76 — opposition of private interest and the interest of society under the capitalist mode of production— 41-42, 239, 250-51, 263, 285, 287, 321, 433 — opposition of interests of workers and capitalists—240-41, 263-64 — opposition between interests of landlords and interests of tenants and farm labourers—260, 263-64 — struggle of interests under capitalist competition—422, 432-33 — political and social interests in the bourgeois state—479 — intellectual —478 — and principles—407 — transcendence of opposing interests in communist society — 428, 434-37, 438-39, 441, 475 — criticism of Hegel's idealist views of—15, 47-48, 56 Interest (financial)—285, 375, 430, 431

— rate of—252, 315 — compound—239, 250 — simple—239 — on capital—239, 252, 264, 283-84, 289, 316 — on money—240, 253, 265, 316 Ireland, Irish, the—308, 389-91, 417,

436 Italy— 514

J

Jacobins—199, 367 Jews—146-50, 154, 155, 160, 162, 169-74 See also Judaism Journalism—444-45

See also Press Judaism—147-51, 155, 161, 167-68, 169-73 — and Christianity—146, 148, 167-68, 169, 172 See also Jews Judiciary— 41, 50, 108 Justice (social)—398

K

Kant's philosophy—404 Knowledge— 335, 338-39 See also Progress, Science

L

Labour, work

— its social significance—79-80, 236 — man as a product of labour— 305, 333, 342 — as an inner need of man—228, 236, 275, 277, 465 — and private property—315-16, 320-21 — and capital—221, 249, 312, 425, 428, 430 — its separation from capital—214, 226, 235, 270-71, 430 — contradiction between labour and capital—285-86, 289, 294, 432, 435-36 — its separation from wages—376, 431 — advance made by human labour on the natural product—249, 305, 312 — object of—273-74 — mode of—165, 308, 312 — abstract—235, 240-41, 292-93 — industrial—247, 253, 286, 293 — under communism—435-37 — Fourier on—395-96 — Hegel on—332-33, 342 See also Activity, Agriculture, Alienation, Capital, Child labour, Estranged labour, Estrangement, Instruments of labour, Man, Nature, Needs, Private property, Production, Wages

Labour time— 239-40
Lancashire—381
Land—375-76, 428, 440
Landed property

— as a form of alienation under the rule of private property— 221, 235, 441 — under feudalism—97-103, 266-68, 314 — non-productive character of landlords in bourgeois society— 262-64, 271, 316-17, 429, 440 — capitalisation of—263-64, 265, 267-68, 269-70, 286-89, 315-16 — and industry—286-89, 293 — and technical progress—264-65 — its division under capitalism— 267-69 — competition among landed proprietors—264-66, 267-70, 440, 441 — and class of tenants—268-70, 286, 288, 429 — necessity for abolition of—267-69 — bourgeois economists on—240, 258-59, 260, 261-64, 286-89 — Physiocrats on—293, 316-17 — Hegel on—98, 100, 104, 107 See also Agriculture, Aristocracy, Capitalist, Competition, Interest, interests, Primogeniture, Rent of land, Trade Language— 226, 298, 304

See also Consciousness, Thinking Law

— as a form of estrangement— 297, 339-41 — civil—26, 101, 105-06, 107, 110, 111, 166, 340 — criminal—241 — constitutional—101, 107, 110, 115, 124 — Roman—107, 110-11 — abstract—101, 107, 110 — and proletariat—186-87 — and religion—176 — and bourgeois political economy— 231 — in Germany— 111

See also Hegel's teaching on the state, Judiciary, Law (juridical), Person, Privacy of correspondence. Rights, political, Suffrage Law (economic)—211, 270, 273, 310-11,

432-33 Law (juridical)—30, 37, 54, 56, 57-59,

76, 115, 119 Lease, tenant farmers—286-88, 384, 390,

429, 477 See also Landed property Legislative power— 65, 68, 72, 73, 75,

77, 92-93, 106, 112, 113, 116, 118-21 — social basis of—104-05, 118-19 — elements of—60, 83-87, 99 — inner contradictions of—89-90, 95 — contradictions between legislative power and constitution—54, 55, 57-58 See also Executive, Hegel's teaching on

the state, Parliament, State Legitimism—190 Liberalism—133, 190, 192, 421-22, 423, 432, 445 — in England—381, 383-84 — in France—396 — in Germany—133 Literature—302

— belles-lettres—415 — English—380, 444-45, 446, 465, 467, 490 — German—458, 460-61, 465 Logic—10, 17-18, 330

See also Concept, Definition, Object, Predicate, Subject Love—11, 98, 100, 295-96, 300, 301, 326, 356 Lutheranism—182, 290, 291, 400-02 See also Protestantism, Reformation Luxury—see Wealth Lynch law—446 Lyons weavers' uprisings of 1831 and 1834

—203

M

Machine, machines—201, 238-39, 240, 308, 312, 443 See also Worker Mafthusianism—194, 197, 311, 314, 380, 420-21, 435-40, 452 Man, human being

— as species-being—154, 162, 164,

182, 204-05, 217, 275-78, 295-99, 302-03, 307, 313-14, 320,325, 328-29, 337 — as determined by social relations— 30, 38-40, 78-81, 474-75 — as the motive force and the object of social progress—19, 21, 25-26, 29, 57, 82 — as individual—77, 104-05, 115-16, 167, 217, 298-99, 320, 322, 326, 336-37 — and animal—81, 302, 319-20 — needs of—225-26,276-77,306-07, 336 — objectification of his nature— 225-26, 228, 276-77 — in bourgeois society—101, 162, 263, 316-17, 322-24, 326, 442 — estranged under the rule of private property—32, 81, 158, 173-74, 212, 213-14, 215, 217, 220-24, 278-80, 281, 285, 291-92, 293, 296-97, 301, 306, 310-11, 325, 328-29, 333-34, 335-36, 339, 341, 342, 343-45 — his self-estrangement in religion— 29, 152, 175-76, 290-91, 303, 461, 464-65 — criticism of the idealist conception of man—82, 116, 167, 327, 330-35, 339-40, 342-45, 466 See also Consciousness, Hegel's teaching on the state, Individual, Labour, Private property, State, Worker

Mankind— 430, 437-39, 442, 462, 465-

66, 473-76 Manufacture— 248 Marriage—30, 295, 311

See also Family Materialism—105, 302, 336, 355, 419, 478 Mathematics—48 Means of production—376

See also instruments of labour, Production Measure—341 Mercantile system, the— 213-14, 290, 292,

418-19, 420, 421, 422-23, 432

Middle Ages, the— 32, 72, 79-81, 108, 113, 187, 263, 314, 458, 461, 464, 474, 475 See also Corporations, Estates, Feudalism, Guilds, Politics, State, Trade Middle class, (he—93-94, 187 See also Bourgeoisie Mind— 7, 17, 89, 108 Monarchy—68, 83-85, 86-87, 89, 92-93, 94, 95, 399, 419 — absolute—79, 138-39, 158, 185 — constitutional—25, 29-30, 36-37, 83, 94, 113, 492 — and democracy—28-32, 399 — in England—388, 492-93, 497 — in Germany—137-38, 183-84, 190 See also Absolutism, Estate-representative system, Hegel's teaching on the state, Princes, Prussia, Russia, Sovereignty Monetary system—see Mercantile system Money—171-72, 212-14, 322

— as a form of estrangement under the rule of private property— 220-21, 271, 306-07, 309, 324-26, 476 — as an expression of value—214, 326, 434-35 — power of money under the rule of private property—170-72, 213-14, 309, 310, 322-26, 450-52 — money fetishism—312 — as a state monopoly—441 — paper—214, 250 — metal—312 — and credit—214-16 — and banks—216 — possibility of abolishing money— 170 — bourgeois economists on—211, 213-14 — Saint-Simonists on—214 See also Banking, Bill of exchange, Credit system, Interest, Politics, State,

Value Monopoly—65, 221, 236, 263, 268-71, 286, 421, 423, 432-33, 441-42 Monotheism—171 Montagnards— 362, 363, 365-74 Morocco— 528-29 Music—301 Mysticism— 7, 9, 12, 14, 17, 19, 23-24,

34, 39-40, 52, 58, 61, 62, 83, 107, 332, 343-45, 394-95, 411 Myths—180

N

Napoleonic wars—138, 469 Naturalism— 232, 298-99, 336

See also Communism, Humanism Natural science— 275-79, 303, 304, 341-

49, 380 See also Chemistry, Mathematics Nature

— as an object of cognition—337, 341 — as man's inorganic body—275-76, 277, 305-06 — as element of production—248-50, 272-73, 428 — and society and individual—64, 104-05, 301-06, 312-13, 324, 335-37 — its estrangement from man under the rule of private property— 275-77, 278-79, 281, 285, 296-97, 303-04, 326 — French Enlighteners on—419 — Hegel's idealist conception of— 343-49 See also Humanism, Labour, Man, Naturalism, Science, Society Necessity and chance—6, 21, 56, 79-80, 211, 270-71, 433-34 Needs, requirements

— as the motive force of social and scientific progress—178, 295-96, 303-04, 313-14 — in the sphere of economic relations—219-20, 224-28, 303, 313 — labour as an inner need of man— 228, 395 — physical—241-42, 276-77, 284, 336 — social—56, 79-80, 120, 313-14 — and their estrangement under the rule of private property—296-97, 306-12, 316-17, 322 Negation of the negation (philos.)—268, 305-06, 313, 328-30, 337-38, 340-43, 344-45, 346 Nobility, landed aristocracy—105, 113, 185-86, 266-67 o

Object—100

See also Subject Objectification— 224-25, 228, 271-73, 277, 281-82, 296-97, 301-03, 329-30, 331-33, 342 See also Alienation, Estrangement, Labour Officialdom—see Bureaucracy Opposites, antitheses

— conditions of their existence— 325-26 — struggle of opposites — 88, 288-89 — transformation of opposites into each other—316-17, 424-25 — fusion and separation of—88, 432-33 — supersession of antitheses—316-17, 426-27, 433-34, 438-39 — opposition between generality and singularity—84 — opposition of essences and opposites within one essence—87-89, 293, 325 — abstract antitheses—88, 294 — Hegel's conception of—331-32, 346 See also Interest, interests Owen's socialism— 297, 386, 398

P

Pantheism—450, 457, 460, 462-63, 465-

66 Paris—142 Parliament— 92, 112-14, 123-24

— in England—120, 194, 197, 381, 445, 456, 493-501 — in France—120 See also Legislative power Part and whole—231 Parties, political—143, 144, 180, 181, 190-91, 192-93, 197, 379 Party, proletarian—144, 314, 379-80, 406-07, 411 See also Revolution, proletarian, Working class Patriotism—11, 133, 179

Pauperism—191-97, 200, 287 — in England—192-95, 197, 200, 392-93, 448, 449 See also Workhouses Peasantry— 94-95, 98, 99, 270

— in England—384, 474-78, 487 Peasant War in Germany, the (1524-25)—

182-83, 399-402 People, nation— 28-30, 53-54, 57

— in ancient times—180 — in the epoch of feudalism and absolute monarchies—28-30, 31-33, 61, 63-67, 69, 78-79, 83, 92, 165-66, 186-87 — in bourgeois society—498 — as the motive force of historic progress—57, 133-36, 433-34, 435-36, 439 — and individual—164, 355-56 — its significance and role in revolution—57, 184-86, 365-66 — as a political force—53-54, 57-58, 61, 63-64, 65-69, 78-79, 83, 92, 119, 127-28, 166, 498,501 — and development of its political consciousness—57, 63-64, 177-78, 182, 495, 498 — preconditions for its free development—182-83 — and property—498 — and proletariat as its vanguard— 202, 204 — and bourgeoisie—185-86 — and the state—28-33, 53-54, 57, 64-65, 78 — sovereignty of—28-33, 38, 53-54, 57, 65, 69, 83, 153 — and officials—53-54, 63, 124-25 — and religion—176, 179-80 — interests of—64-65, 391 See also Classes, Class struggle, Democracy, Hegel's teaching on the state, Population, State Person, individual— 22-23, 24, 26-27, 117, 119 — abstract—38, 40 — private—40, 77, 80, 103 — juridical—38 See also Individual, personality Phenomenon—see Essence and phenomenon Philistines—136-37, 139-41, 185 Philosophy

— and changing of reality—142-44, 176, 179-82, 187, 302 — and science—478-79 — and natural science—303 — and the state—97, 181-82 — and religion—89, 144-45, 175, 232-34, 328-29, 340 — of history—471 — social—394, 456 — of law—101, 179-81, 231 See also Aesthetics, Alienation, Categories, Contradiction, English philosophy, Essence and phenomenon, Estrangement, Form and content, French philosophy, German philosophy, Idealism, Logic, Materialism, Necessity and chance, Negation of the negation, Opposites, Part and whole, Quality and quantity Physiocrats—285, 292-94, 298, 316-17 Poland— 519-20 Police—41, 49, 163 Political economy—see Bourgeois political economy Politics

— as a form of estrangement—31-32, 100-01, 302-03, 339 — its determination by social and economic relations—94, 155-56, 178-79, 185, 199 — in the Middle Ages—31-32, 70-71, 79, 81-82, 84, 95, 105-06, 112-13, 165 — in bourgeois society—79, 113-14, 118, 121, 164-66, 199 — and class struggle —190-91, 204 — of parties—143-44, 190-91 — and religion—156-57, 159, 176 — political consciousness—10-11, 97-98, 102, 204 — and money—170-72, 309 — and bourgeois political economy— 241 — and theory of scientific communism— 313 See also Parties, political Population— 261-62, 311, 313-14,435-38,

440, 442 See also JVfaltbusianism Poverty—302, 304 Practice—see Theory and Practice

Precious metals—213, 312 Predicate—10, 23, 26, 343 Press—131, 404-06, 413, 417

See also Journalism Price—211, 219, 235-36, 238-39, 240,

248, 250-51, 263, 375, 426-28, 433-34 Primogeniture—40, 97, 98-108, 111-12,

130 Princes, sovereigns—72, 108, 185 Principles—406-07, 424 Privacy of correspondence—164, 351-52 Private life— 80, 197 Private property

— as a product of estranged labour—211-14, 217-22, 224, 226, 228, 237, 271, 279-80, 290-91, 294, 315-17, 320-21, 322, 476 — in ancient times—107, 110-11, 294 — feudal—40, 49, 97-101, 103-11, 124, 165, 292 — formation of bourgeois property —293, 315-16, 423-24 — bourgeois—140-41, 143-44, 246-47, 251, 267, 285-86, 288-89, 294, 302, 375, 421-22, 427-28, 432-33, 441, 466, 485 — and the bourgeois state—152, 153-56, 165, 198 — as the basis of capitalist competition—294-95, 432 — as a factor restricting political freedom in bourgeois society— 162-64, 167 — man and his needs under the rule o.f private property—300, 307, 311-12, 322,442 — its abolition—187, 280-81, 296-97, 300, 305-06, 312-13, 342, 406-07, 420-21, 426, 429-30, 439, 441, 466 — as a prerequisite of bourgeois political economy—217-18, 270, 419-20, 421-22 — bourgeois classical political economy on —262-63, 290-92, 319-21 — Hegel on—98-101, 103-10, 124 — Utopian Communists on —142-43, 294-96 See also Capital, Labour, Landed property, Value Privileges—72, 81, 108, 114, 160, 162, 166 Production

— as social human activity—225, 276-77, 302-03, 306, 313-14 — in ancient times—278-79 — as estrangement of labour under the rule of private property— 225, 240, 274-77, 281-84, 296-98, 432 — anarchy of production in bourgeois society —263-64, 433-34, 435-36 — and consumption—220, 224-26, 310 — and division of labour—220 — and exchange—225 — and distribution—221 — costs of production—201, 375, 426-27 — object of production in classless society—228, 306, 433-35 — science as an element of production under communism—427-28, 435-36 — bourgeois economists on— 280-81, 312, 313-14, 316-17, 321 See also Consumption, Division of labour, Labour Productive power, productivity—240, 287-88, 434-36 Product of labour— 220, 238-41, 246-47, 270, 273-75, 280-82, 431 Profession—153 Profit

— as a form of estrangement— 221, 270, 375-76, 430 — as a result of human labour— 249-50 — and market price—236 — of capitalist—235, 240, 246-47, 252, 258, 315-16, 431 — and rent of land—285-86 — bourgeois economists on—241, 247-48, 250-51, 312 See also Capital, Revenue, Wages Progress— 304-05, 499

— historical —57, 134, 296-97, 423-24, 433-34, 435-36, 439, 463-64 — prerequisites for social progress— 19-20, 57, 111

— social consequences of economic progress in bourgeois society— 238-40 — scientific and technical—427-28, 435-37, 440, 442-43, 482-83 See also Industrial revolution (in England), Science Proletariat, the—see Working class Property

— feudal—30, 32, 103-04, 267, 291, 292 — public—109, 392, 405-06 — Hegel's conception of—97, 165 See also Landed property, Private property Prostitution— 244, 258, 287, 294, 310 Protectionism—178-79, 192-93, 269, 524 See also Trade Protestantism—155, 182, 190, 422, 462, 471, 477 See also Lutheranism Proudhonism—143, 241, 280, 294, 316, 356, 399 Prussia—31, 51, 133-36, 137-42, 183, 189, 191-92, 207-10, 515-16, 525-26, 530-31 See also Absolutism, Censorship, Despotism, Germany, Monarchy, Prussian-ism Prussianism—133 Psychology—302-03 Public opinion— 379

— and the press—404-06 — and literature—415

Q

Quality and quantity— 306-07, 341 Quantity—see Quality and quantity

R

Radicalism

— in England—379, 381-82, 445-46, 447-48, 493, 496-97, 500 — in France—395 KafiocinaJion— 27, 30 Raw material—262, 312, 427 Reality— 9, 183, 299, 341 Reason— 457, 460, 462 Reformation— 182-83, 399-401, 470, 474

See also Lutheranism Religion

— origin and essence of—30, 152, 155, 175-76, 461-62, 491, 493 — as a fantastic reflection of reality—279-80, 461-62 — its social and gnosiological roots — 155-56, 173-74, 280, 305, 307, 461-62, 463-65 — as a product of estrangement— 155, 158, 173-74, 212, 272, 274, 277-79, 291, 297-98, 302-03, 331-32, 339-40, 465 — as a form of social consciousness —29, 143, 151, 175-76 — its social role—175-76, 182-83 — religious consciousness—159, 190 — religious myths—180 — history of—463-64 — significance of criticism of religion—175-76 — "religion is the opium of the people"—175-76 — supersession of religion, its conditions—147-49, 151, 155-56, 175-76, 182, 297-98, 305-06, 339-42 — in slave-owning society—184 — and the state—146-162, 167, 191, 501-04 — and politics—156, 159, 175-76 — and philosophy—89, 144, 175-76 — and morality—310, 462-63 — and freedom of conscience—161-62 — in Egypt—278-79 — in England—471-74, 485-86, 501-04 — in France—354, 471-74 — in Germany—471-74 — in India—278-79 — in Mexico—278-79 — in the U.S.A.—150, 155 See also Atheism, Catholicism, Christianity, Clergy, God, Law, Lutheranism, Man, Monotheism, Myths, People, Politics, Protestantism, Reformation, State, Superstition, Theology Rentiers— 252, 315

Rent of land—221, 235-36, 240-41, 259-

65, 269-70, 285, 291, 315-16, 375, 427-31

See also Capital, Landed property, Wages Representative bodies— 53-54, 111-12, 116,

118-19, 121-24, 125-26 See also Hegel's teaching on the state, Parliament, State Republic— 30-31, 140, 151-52, 388, 419 Republicans

— in England—388 — in France—395-96, 411 — in Germany—405, 406, 417 Revenue—235

See also Profit Revolution— 56, 57, 90, 130, 133-34, 380 See also Emancipation, English bourgeois revolution of the 17th century, French bourgeois revolution of the end of the 18th century, Revolution, bourgeois, Revolution, proletarian Revolution, bourgeois, the— 164-67, 176-77, 184-85, 205-06, 419, 469, 471, 472, 476-77, 513 Revolution, proletarian, the

— as social revolution—182-85, 473-74, 476-77 — inevitability of and prerequisites for—140, 182, 269-70, 296-97, 434, 476-77 — historical significance of—182-85, 205-06, 392, 469, 471, 472-73, 513 — as permanent revolution—156 — proletariat as the motive force of — 184-87, 202, 204, 205 — and importance of its scientific theory—182, 186-87, 202, 204, 296-97, 405-06 — and petty-bourgeois and Utopian theories—241-42, 397-98 See also Class struggle, Emancipation, English bourgeois revolution of the 17th century, French bourgeois revolution of the end of the 18th century, Revolution, Revolution, bourgeois, Working class Rights, innate human—105, 164-65 Rights, political—160-65, 287-88, 393, 417, 504-06 Romanticism— 287, 350, 461 Rome— 38, 51, 107, 110, 111, 184, 294,

308, 489 See also Law Russia—53, 140, 514, 519-20, 524

See also Despotism, Serfdom

S

Saint-Simon's socialism — 214, 294, 394-

96, 398 Scepticism— 460, 466, 472 Science

— as a form of social consciousness— 142-43, 297-98 — and reality—47, 303 — in bourgeois society—427, 442, 443 — as a form of superseding man's estrangement—304 — role of individual in science—64, 298 — as a productive force under communism—428, 435-37 — its role in technical progress— 427-28, 440, 482 — Hegel's idealist conception of— 11, 25, 27, 148 See also Chemistry, Mathematics, Natural science, Philosophy, Production Schilling's philosophy—349-51, 404, 461-62 Scholars, learned people—32, 380 Scotland— 448 Scythians—180 Self-consciousness—19, 100, 306, 312-14, 327, 332-35, 340-41, 343, 356 See also Consciousness Self-estrangement, alienation—169-70, 173-74, 176, 214, 221, 272-75, 281, 291, 294, 296, 317, 333, 338-39, 342 See also Alienation, Estrangement Sense organs— 299-300 See also Feeling Serfdom— 32, 105-06, 187, 263, 266, 267, 268, 287-88, 464, 476 Slavery—110, 198, 263, 475 Socialism (theory)—142-43,146,202, 204, 205-06, 304, 305-06, 354, 512-13 — in England—379-82, 385-86, 388-89, 392, 393, 397-99, 407, 421, 446-47, 466, 467, 505

— in France—232, 385, 392-94, 395-400, 407, 410-11, 414 — in Germany—232, 392-93, 400, 403-04, 405-10, 417 — in Ireland—391 — in Switzerland—392-403

See also Communism, Communist movement, Communist society, Fourier's socialism, Owen's socialism, Saint-Simon's socialism, Workers' movement Social relations— 219, 226, 260, 278-79, 286-87, 324, 329-30,421-22, 441 Society— 321, 325

— in the Middle Ages—80-81 — and the state—104-05, 198 — and individual—38, 64, 80-81, 101, 104-05, 163-65, 175, 217, 300-01, 324 — and humanism—297-98, 302-04 See also Bourgeois society, Civil society, Communist society, Individual, Social relations Sophistry—154, 233, 268, 419, 420 Sovereignty— 23-24, 28-29, 33, 38, 73, 108 — of monarch—27-28, 34, 96 — of the people—28, 153 Spirituality— 302, 419, 473 State, the— 29-33, 37-42, 57, 58, 63, 78, 143-44, 156-58, 160-61, 198-99, 297-98, 340 — and civil society—7-11, 39-40, 70-

71, 72-73, 78, 81, 90, 153-56, 159, 160, 162, 167, 171-72, 173-74, 183, 197-98 — as an expression of estrangement—31-32, 473-74 — prerequisites of—-7-9, 10-11 — of antiquity—30-33, 51, 72, 198 — in the Middle Ages—30-32, 37,

72, 81 — Christian state—146-48, 149-51, 155-58, 160, 168-69, 476 — modern—30-33, 63, 64-65, 80, 82, 83-84, 91, 181, 183, 198-99, 419 — and the people —28-33,53-54, 57-58, 64-65, 78, 117-18 — and family —7-11, 38-40, 78, 137-38 — and individual—38-40, 80-81, 168, 175 — and economic relations—231, 297-98 — and legislative power — 56, 58, 64-65, 84, 90 — and suffrage—153 — and money—216 — and primogeniture—99 — and religion—31, 148-50, 153, 154-57, 158-59, 174, 473 — and bourgeois revolution—135, 165 — its abolition under communism — 295-96, 476 See also Absolutism, Church, Civil society, Democracy, Executive, Hegel's teaching on the state, Legislative power, Monarchy, Republic Stock Exchange, the—434 Subject— 271-72, 277, 301, 322, 325, 332-34, 335-39 Substance—62 Suffrage—152-53 See also Election Superstition—151, 464 Switzerland— 402-03, 514, 525 See also Socialism

T

Taxes— 58-60, 72, 316-17 Terrorism— 156 Theology—150-51, 156, 232-34, 271, 329, 389, 462 Theory and practice—164-65, 181, 183-84, 239, 241, 275-76, 282, 300, 302, 312-13, 422-23, 429, 478-79 Thinking, thought— 304-05, 328-29, 333-

34, 339, 341, 344, 345-46 — abstract—330-31 — and being—299, 301, 343, 344-45 — and language—304 See also Consciousness, Knowledge, Self-consciousness Tories—192, 379-81, 388, 391, 441, 491, 493 Town and country—79 Trade— 375, 421-22

— in the Middle Ages—32, 80, 108, 418-20, 422-23 — in bourgeois society—198, 238,

251, 281, 288, 321, 418, 419-20, 422-23, 485 — in land—265-66, 268, 269, 288,

429-30 See also Economic crisis. Free trade, Protectionism Trade unions—415 Truth—430, 435, 436, 457 Turkey— 294

U

Unemployment—see Working class United States of America—31, 150, 153, 155, 160, 170, 175, 446 Unity— 90, 92

See also Interest, interests, Essence and phenomenon Universities— 380 Uprising of Silesian weavers in 1844—

189-90, 200-04, 530-34 Utility— 300, 302, 375, 425-26

V

Value— 427, 429

— as abstract expression of social relations—212-13, 226-27 — as a form of alienation of private property —212-13, 221 — determination of—211, 240, 310, 375, 425-26, 430, 433-35 — and costs of production — 211, 375, 424-27 — and exchange-value—211, 213, 219-20, 375, 424-25 — bourgeois economists on—211, 375, 424-27 — influence of fashion on—310 See also Exchange-value, Money Vendée—374 Violence, force — 68, 218

— as an instrument of class rule— 398, 399 Voltairians—355

W

Wages

— as expression of alienated labour under the rule of private property—219-21, 225, 238, 376, 431-32 — their essence under capitalism— 235, 241, 285-86 — level of—235 — and intensification of labour— 237 — and demand for labour—236, 239 — and competition among workers — 235 — as a constituent part of market price—235-36, 263-64 — and capital—289 — and rent of land—264-65 — bourgeois political economy on— 235, 240-42, 247-48, 252, 270, 288, 312, 427, 443 — and crude egalitarian communism —296 — Proudhon on—241-42, 280 See also Labour, Worker Wars— 419, 423

See also Violence Wealth

— labour as a source of—237, 291, 293, 431 — under capitalism—267, 304, 311-12, 314-16 — capitalists amass riches, causing the impoverishment of the working class —237-40, 241, 271, 421-22 — under socialism—304 — bourgeois classical political economy on —240-41, 250-52, 290-91, 309-10, 316, 320-21, 421-22 — Mercantilists on—2.92 — Physiocrats on—292-93 — Hegel on—332 — Proudhon on—316 Weitling's communism—143, 201, 232, 402-03, 412-13 Whigs_379, 381-82, 384, 388-89, 391,

447, 491, 493 Will— 8, 58, 64, 91, 100-01, 102, 104,

119, 198-99, 225, 301, 326 Women's question—172, 295 Worker

— his estrangement under the capitalist mode of production—204,

238-39, 241, 271-75, 276-77, 278-80, 381-82 — reduction of his needs to mere bodily needs in capitalist society — 220-21, 274-77, 308-09, 440-41 — his decline to a mere machine— 238-39, 240, 308, 443 — as a commodity—235-36, 240, 270-72, 283-84, 312, 439 — and crude egalitarian communism —294-95 — Proudhon on—280 — Saint-Simon on—294 See also Capitalist, Labour time, Man, Workhouses Workers' movement— 190, 192, 313

— in England—190, 199-201, 355, 379-80, 384-85, 387, 446-47, 450, 467 — in France—200-01, 204, 313, 355, 395-97, 401-02, 411 — in Germany—191-92, 199-202, 355, 401-02, 404-05, 406-07 See also Chartism, Class struggle, Communist movement, Lyons weavers' uprisings of 1831 and 1834, Party, proletarian, Socialism, Uprising of Silesian weavers in 1844 WorWtouses (in England)—195, 448 Working class

— conditions for its rise—187, 267, 269, 487 — in the Middle Ages—79-80, 189-90 — division of society into capitalists and workers—265-66, 431 — tendency towards numerical growth, in increasing proportion, of the working class under capitalism— 434 — its impoverishment under capitalism—241, 258-59, 270-72 — its living conditions in capitalist society—307, 311 — unemployment of—239, 284 — competition among workers— 238, 432 — condition of agricultural workers under capitalism — 285-86 — antagonism between workers' and capitalists' interests—263-64 — capitalist as owner of workers' conditions of life and their means of subsistence—235-38, 240, 252, 279, 283, 310-11 — development of its political consciousness—200, 202, 204, 387, 396-97, 449-50 — its emancipation as a condition for the emancipation of all classes of society—186-87, 205, 280-81, 354 — as the motive force of socialist revolution—184-87, 202, 204-05 — and progressive philosophy—187 — parties and associations of— 313, 379-80, 406-07, 411 — and bourgeois reforms—191-92, 241-42, 280 — and religion—396 See also Classes, Class struggle, Revolution, proletarian, Worker, Workers' movement, Working class in England,

Working class in Germany Working class in England—192-94, 200-02, 263, 269-70, 308, 311, 435-36, 445-46, 447-49, 456-57, 468, 474, 486-87, 496 See also Workers' movement Working class in Germany—185-87, 190-91, 196, 201-02, 204, 401 See also Workers' movement World outlook—102, 173

Y

Koung Hegelions—327-28, 344, 356-57, 404-06